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(Chapters 1, 9, 17)
Heat transfer
operation
(heat
transport due
to
temperature
difference)
(momentum balance,
min conduits,
flow
transfer
pumps
and
(conduction,
compressors,
convection,
boundary layer,
radiation)
particle separation by
Mass transfer
gravity and by
centrifugal forces, operation (mass
fixed bed, fluidised transport due to
bed, entrainment)
concentration
difference)
(distillation,
absorption,
extraction,
humidification)
Momentum
transport
heat
transport
Mass
transport
MOMENTUM TRANSPORT
velocity in fluid inside the pipe
Newtons
law on
viscosity
Momentum
transfer, where
faster molecules
will diffuse
across an area
below and impart
their kinetic
energy to slower
molecules
Smaller pipe
higher average
velocity for a
given volumetric
flowrate
Higher velocity
incurs higher
velocity gradient
near the pipe wall,
which consequently
increases pump
power and vice
versa
MASS
TRANSPORT of
ink in water
by diffusion
due to
concentration
MASS TRANSPORT
concentration in a distillation column
equilibrium curve
Vapour transfer
operating line
liquid transfer
The higher the reflux ratio R (ratio of reflux to distillate product) of the
distillation column, the higher is the concentration between equilibrium
curve and operating line. This incurs higher utility cost (steam cost). At
lower R, column becomes higher (capital cost higher) due to more plates
required; at higher reflux ratio, column diameter becomes bigger (capital
cost higher). There is an optimised R to get minimum total cost.
Larger cold
utility load at
larger T
Heat
transfer
Reduced temperature increased heat recovery (more heat from hot stream is
given to cold stream) reduced both hot and cold utilities and vice versa, but
increased area of heat transfer.
W = Q (1- T0/T)
The lower temperature between natural gas cooling curve and refrigerant
cooling curve due to cascading and mixed refrigerant reduces the load of
compressors.
Momentum transport:
Newtons Law of Viscosity
In Fig. 1.1-1 we show a pair of large parallel plates,
each one with area A, separated by a distance Y. In
the space between them is a fluid-either a gas or a
liquid.
This system is initially at rest, but at time t = 0 the
lower plate is set in motion in the positive x direction
at a constant velocity V.
As time proceeds, the fluid gains momentum, and
ultimately the linear steady-state velocity profile
shown in the figure is established.
F/A = V/Y
(1.1-1)
The force should be proportional to the area A and
to the velocity, and inversely proportional to the
distance between the plates.
The constant of proportionality is a property of the
fluid, defined to be the viscosity.
Heat transport:
Fouriers Law of Conduction
Consider a slab of solid material of area A located
between two large parallel plates a distance Y apart.
We imagine that initially (for time t < 0) the solid
material is at a temperature T0 throughout.
At t = 0 the lower plate is suddenly brought to a slightly
higher temperature T1 and maintained at that
temperature.
As time proceeds, the temperature profile in the slab
changes, and ultimately a linear steady-state
temperature distribution is attained (as shown in Fig.
9.1-1).
This equation, which serves to define k, is the onedimensional form of Fourier's law of heat
conduction. It states that the heat flux by conduction
is proportional to the temperature gradient.
If the temperature varies in all three directions, then
we can write an equation like
qx = - k dT/dx, qy = - k dT/dy, qz = - k dT/dz
(9.1-3, 4, 5)
That is, the mass flow rate of helium per unit area (or
mass flux) is proportional to the mass fraction
difference divided by the plate thickness.
Here is the density of the silica-helium system, and
the proportionality factor DAB is the diffusivity of the
silica-helium system.
.
A similar relation can be written for species B:
.