3.

INNER NERVOUS TISSUE LAYER

• Inner most layer
• Consists of retina
• Externally delicate layer
• Composed – several nerve cell bodies and
axon
- lying on pigmented layer –
attached to choroid
• Light sensitive layer- consists sensory cells
• Sensory cells are two types
1. Rod – to view object in black and
white image.
• Cones – to view object in color image
• Retina – thickest layer at posterior of the
eye ball
• Near the centre of posterior – yellow spot
• Yellow spot also known – macula lutea
• In the centre of the macula lutea – fovea
centralis
• Fovea centralis – consists only cones cells
• Rods and cones – contains photosensitive
pigments
• Photosensitive pigments – convert light rays
into nerve impulse
• Nerve fiber in retina – from optic nerve
• Optic nerve – leaves eyes from small area
• The small area known as – optic disc / blind
spot
• Optic disc – no light sensitive cells- cannot
detect image fall on optic disc
• PICTURE OF CONS AND RODS
F.PHYSIOLOGY OF SIGHT
• Retina is the photosensitive part of the eyes
• Light sensitive cells – rod and cones
• Light rays – cause chemical changes in
photosensitive pigments
• Photosensitive pigments – generate nerve impulse
• Impulse conduct through – optic nerve to
occipital lobe in cerebrum
• Cones are sensory cells
- sensitive to bright light and color
- bright light rays focus on macula
lutea
• Rods are sensory cells
- More sensitive than cones
- Stimulated by low intensity/ bim light
- Contain – Rhodopsin
- Rhodopsin – photosensitive pigment
- Bright light – bleached Rhodopsin
- Rhodopsin quickly regenerated – in present
of vitamin A
G. ACCESORY ORGANS OF THE EYE
• Eye – delicate organ
• Has 3 main accessory organ
1. Eye brows
2. Eye lids and eye lashes
3. Lacrimal apparatus
1.EYE BROWS
-Two arched ridges of super orbital margins
- Located at frontal bone
-Numerous hair
- Protect the eye ball from sweat ,
dust and foreign bodies
2.EYE LIDS
• Two movable folds of tissues
• Situated above and below – front of each eye
• Free edges – has short curved hairs – eye
lashes
• Has 4 layers forms eye lids
a. Thin skin
b. Thin sub cutaneous connective
c. Has 2 muscle – orbicularis oculi- contract
eye to close
- Levator palpebrae –
contract eye to open
d. Lining conjunctiva – fine transparent
membrane
- lines eye lid
- consists – columnar epithelium
- protect – delicate cornea front of eye
• Functions of eye lids
a. Corneal reflex
- reflex closure of eye lids
- occurs when conjunctiva eye lashes
touches/ object gets closure/ bright light
shines in to eyes
b. Prevent drying
- tarsal gland secretes oily material
- spread over conjunctiva – blinking
- delay evaporation
3.LACRIMAL APPARATUS
• Consists 4 structures of lacrimal apparatus
a. 1 lacrimal gland
b. 2 lacrimal caanaliculi
c. 1 lacrimal sac
d. 1 nasolacrimal duct
• Lacrimal gland – exocrine glands
• Situated – in frontal bone
- behind super orbital margin
• Consists – secretory cells
• Secretory cells – secretes tears
• Tears contains of – lysozyme – bactericidal
enzyme
- antibodies
- mineral salts – sodium
- water
• Tears secretion increased when
a. Foreign material direct contact
b. Irritant substant
c. Emotional status
• Function of tears
a. Washing away irritant material
b. Prevent microbial infection- bactericidal
c. Prevent dryness of conjunctiva
H. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF NOSE
• Nose – Organ of sense of smell
• Originate – nasal cavity
• Nasal cavity – also acts as a passage way dor
respiration
• Olfactory nerve – sensory nerve for smell
- originate as specialized
olfactory nerve endings
- located - in mucous
membrane
- on roof of the nasal cavity
- above superior nasalconcha
• Picture of the olfactory structures
• On each side of nasal septum – nerve fiber
Pass through cribriform to olfactory bulb
• In olfactory bulb – interconnection and
synapses occur
• Olfactory bulb – bundles and nerve fiber
form – Olfactory tract
• Olfactory tract – pass impulses to
olfactory area in temporal lobe
1. PHYSIOLOGY OF SMELL
• Odorous material – give off volatile
molecule
• Volatile molecule – carried in to nose
together with inhaled air
• Molecule – dissolved in mucus – stimulate
olfactory chemoreceptor
• Air entering nose – warmed and convention
occur
• Air convention – carried inspired air to the
roof of nasal cavity
• Olfactory receptor stimulated – generate
impulse
- impulse conducted through –
olfactory nerve to temporal lobe to
detect perception of smell
J. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF
TONGUE
• Tongue – organ sense of taste
• Sense of taste also known - gustation
• Closely linked to sense of smell
• Stimulation of chemoreceptor by dissolved
chemical
• Taste bud contain – chemoreceptor
• Chemoreceptor has 3 small nerve ending
1. Glossopharyngeal nerve
2. Facial nerve
3. Vagus nerve
• Location of chemoreceptor are
1. Papillae of tongue
2. Soft palate
3. Pharynx
4. Epiglottis
• Some cells – has microvilli – projecting
towards tiny pores dissolved in saliva
• Nerve impulse generated – conduct along CN
7,9 and 10 to parietal lobe to detect
perception of taste
K. PHYSIOLOGY OF TASTE
• Has 4 sense of taste
1. Sweet
2. Sour
3. Bitter
4. Salt
• Tongue divided in 3 sections
1. Tip
2. Side
3. Back
• Sense of taste – stimulate taste buds in
specific part of the tongue
1. Sweet and salty – at the tip
2. Sour – at the sides
3. Bitter – at the back
• Sense of taste – trigger salivation and
secretion of gastric juice
• The taste buds of the circumvallate papillae
are made up of a taste pore with sensitive
microvilli (hair like structures) at the top.
Inside the taste bud are taste receptor cells
connected to nerve fiber.