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EnergyAcquiring

Pathways

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

CO2
+H2O
required

CO2
+H2O
released

mainenergyacquiringprocess
Sunlightenergyconvertedto
chemicalbondenergyinATP.
NADPHalsoforms.
ATPandNADPHusedinrxns.that
formglucose

O2
released

AEROBICRESPIRATION
mainenergyreleasingprocess

Usableenergyreleasedwhenglucose
brokendown.
Releasedenergycoupledtoelectron
transferstoproduce36ATP
molecules.

O2
required

Photosynthesishas2stages:
Lightdependentstage:trappingofsunlight
energy
Lightindependentstage:formationof
glucose

Photosynthesisequation=
6CO2+12H2O

sunlight
chlorophylla

C6H12O6+6H2O+6O2
glucose

=biosyntheticpathway

Photosynthesisoccursinthechloroplast
Grana(=thylakoidmembrane):theinner
membranesystemfoldedintoaseriesof
fatteneddisksextendingthroughthesemi
fluidinterior.Thesiteoflightdependent
reactions.
Containclustersofproteins+200300
pigments=photosystems

Stroma:thesemifluidinterior.Thesiteof
thelightindependentreactions.

thylakoidmembranesystem

stroma

LightdependentReactions
OccurinThylakoidMembrane
Sunlightenergyexciteselectronsin
Photosystems(clustersoflighttrapping
pigmentsandproteins)
Photosystemsgiveupelectronstoelectron
transportsystems
EnergydrivesATP(andNADPH)formation

ElectronTransportSystems

mostenergy

leastenergy
energyreleasedusedforATPsynthesis

Twodifferentlightdependentpathways
CyclicpathwayofATPformation
involvesaTypeIphotosystem
electronsarerecycledbacktophotsystem
NoncyclicpathwayofATPformation
involvesaTypeIIandTypeIphotosystem
electronsarereplacedbylessexcitedones
oxygenisproducedasawasteproduct

CyclicPhotophosphorylation

NoncyclicPhotophosphorylation
Transferselectronsthrutwophotosystems
(IIandI)andtwoelectrontransportsystems
inthethylakoidmembrane
StartswithphotosystemII
Incomingphotonsexciteelectronswhich
enterelectrontransportsystem

NoncyclicPhotophosphorylation
photolysisbreaksdownH2Ointoelectrons,
H+,andoxygen
theelectronsreplacethoseofphotosystemIIthat
enteredelectrontransportsystem
H+remaininsidethylakoidmembrane(involved
inchemiosmosisandATPformation)
oxygenreleasedasbyproductanddiffusesoutof
thesystem

NoncyclicPhotophosphorylation
PhotosystemIschlorophyllP700absorbsphoton
energyandelectronsfromitsreactioncenterare
excitedandenterelectrontransportsystem
TheelectronsthatleftphotosystemIIarriveat
photosystemIandreplacethosethatjustleft
Inthesecondelectrontransportsystem,NADP+
acceptstwoelectronsplusanH+ionfrom
photolysistobecomeNADPH.
BothNADPHandATPenterthelight
independentstageofphotosynthesis.

ATPFormationinChloroplasts
H+accumulationsetsupstrongconcentration
andelectricalgradient
H+followgradientacrossthylakoid
membraneintostromabypassingthru
interioroftransportproteinscalledATP
synthases;
>flowdrivesADP+Pi>ATP
=chemiosomosis

Thelightindependentstageof
photosynthesis

Photosynthesisequation=
6CO2+12H2O

sunlight
chlorophylla

C6H12O6+6H2O+6O2
glucose

Foreachglucosemoleculeformedduring
photosynthesis,atotalof6CO2molecules
mustbefixed.

TheCalvinBensonCycle
EachCO2moleculegoesthroughanumberof
stepsbeginningwithCarbonFixation=
inorganicCO2isconvertedintoorganiccarbon
carbonfromtheairdiffusesintocell
theenzymerubiscoattachestheinorganiccarbon
toa5carbonRuBPmolecule,resultinginthe
formationofa6carbonintermediatethatis
unstable
theunstableintermediatesplitsintotwo3carbon
stable,organicPGAmolecules

CarbonFixation
RuBP(5C)+CO2>23PG(3C)
ribulose1,5bisphosphate>3phosphoglycerate

=carbonfixation
Enzyme=Rubisco(ribulosebisphosphate
carboxylase/oxygenase)
2subunitsformmatureenzyme
rbcLgene(largesubunit)inchloroplastgenome
rbcSinnucleargenome

TheCalvinBensonCycle
ATPprovidestheenergyandattachesaphosphateto
eachPGAmoleculeandNADPHdonatesH+and
electronstoformtwoPGALmolecules
Sincewestartedwith6CO2molecules,weendupwith
12PGALmolecules
2ofthesePGALmoleculescombinetobecomeasugar
phosphate=glucose:PiC6H12O6
The10remainingPGALmoleculesarerearrangedto
recyclethe6RuBPmoleculesneededtofixthenext6
CO2molecules

CalvinBensonCycle
6CO2+6RuBP 6unstable6
carbonintermediates 12stable3
carbonPGA 1 glucose + 10
recycled PGA
Atacostof:
12ATP>12ADP+Pi
12NADPH>12NADP+

CalvinBensonCycle
Glucose>cellulose
Glucose>sucrose(mosteasilytransported)
>starch
Starchismainstorageform,butcanbe
readilyconvertedtosucrosefortransport

PhotosynthesisTypes
MostplantsareC3photosynthesizers:
firstproductofCalvinBensoncycleisa
3carbonmolecule(3PG)

Photorespiration
NormalconditionsCO2andO2passthroughopeningsin
leavescalledstomata
Problem:Rubiscocan'tdistinguishbetweenCO2andO2
WhenCO2can'tgetin(hotdryclimates),O2thatis
buildingupincellsgetsattachedtoRubisco=
Photorespiration(plantsbecomeunhappy)
RuBP+O2>13PG+glycolate

glycolate>glycine
2glycine>serine+CO2

neteffect=lesscarbohydrateformed!!

CopingStrategies:
Twoseparatemechanismshaveevolvedto
adapttohotdryenvironments
C4plants:(fixcarbonasthe4carbon
oxaloacetate).Examplesincludecrabgrass,
sugarcane,etc.
CAMplants:(CrassulaceanAcidMetabolism)
Examplesincludecacti,pineapple,andother
desertsucculents.

C4plants
C4plantshave2typesofphotosynthetic
cells.
MesophyllcellsuseCO2toproducea4carbon
intermediatecalledoxaloacetate,whichis
transferredtobundlesheathcellsaroundleaf
veins.
Inthebundlesheathcells,CO2isreleasedand
fixedagainintheCalvinBensoncycle.

Carbonisthereforefixedtwice.
Catch:usesenergy!

C4Photosynthesis
MesophyllcellshavePEP(phosphoenolpyruvate)
carboxylaseinplaceofRubisco
CO2+PEP>oxaloacetate(4Cmolecule)
BundlesheathcellshaveRubiscoforreaction:
RuBP+CO2(releasedfromoxaloacetate
>
2,3PG
PEPcarboxylase
doesnothaveoxygenaseactivity
fixesCO2atverylowlevels

CAMplants
FixCO2onlyatnightandstoreintermediate
intheircentralvacuolesuntildaytime.
Carbonisthereforefixedat2different
times.
Catch:limitedutility
advantageousonlyinwaterlimiting
environments

C4plantevents
separatedinspace

CAMplantevents
separatedintime

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