THE VARIETY

OF
RESOURCES
ON
EARTH

MINERALS

LIVING THINGS
PLANTS AND ANIMALS

SOI
L

WATE
R

NATURAL
RESOURCE
S ON
EARTH

FOSSIL FUEL
gas

AIR

ELEMENTS
COMPAUNS
AND MIXTURE

ELEMENTS
An ELEMENT
is a subtance made up of ONLY ONE

TYPE
OF PARTICLE.

CANNOT be broken down into any

simpler

Example of
ELEMENTS

COPPER WIRES

Helium atoms

Mercury

DIAMOND

GOLD

ALUMINIUM
SULPHUR

IRON NAIL

Example of elements
CARBON

COMPOUNDS
Note that a compound:

is subtance made up of two or more types of particles

bound together (chemically combined).

can be broken down into a simpler subtance (elements)

by chemical method (but not by physical method),
has properties that are different from its component
elements, and
always contains the same ratio of its component
atoms.

Example of COMPOUNDS
SALT (NaCl)

RUST (FeO)

SUGAR (CHO)

SAND (SO)

WATER (H2O)

MIXTURES
Is a substance made up of two or more types of
particles are not bound together (not chemically
combined)

can separate the components of a mixture by

using physical
methods such as evaporation and filtration.

Example of mixture

GOLD

A GAIN

ALUMINIUM

Elements can be monatomic or polyatomic.

Example

A compound is a pure substance made of

different elements. Substances can only be
decomposed chemically. Binary compounds
contain two elements.
Example

Example
Electricity is used to chemically decompose water into
oxygen and hydrogen gas.
2 H2O(l) ---electricity---> 2 H2(g) + O2(g)

Mixtures are composed of two or more different substances that can be

separated by physical means. When different substances are mixed together, a
homogeneous or heterogeneous mixture is formed. The proportions of
components in a mixture can be varied. Each component in a mixture retains its
original properties.
Example

A homogeneous mixture or solution has the same properties throughout.

Example
Air is a gaseous solution composed of N2(g) + O2 (g) + Ar(g) + CO2 (g) + other rare gases.
Example
Salted water, NaCl(aq), is a liquid solution.
Note: (aq) = aqueous or H2O(l)
Therefore, NaCl(aq) means that NaCl(s) is dissolved in water.
Example
Brass is a solid solution composed of Cu(s) and Zn(s)
A heterogeneous mixture does not have the same properties throughout.
Example
Concrete, sand in water, pizza, etc.

TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING

1. Which diagram represents a mixture?

Q2
1 One similarity between all mixtures and compounds is that both
(1) are heterogeneous (2) are homogeneous
(3) combine in a definite ratio (4) consist of two or more substances
2 Draw two different compounds using the representations for atoms of
element X and element Z given below.
3 Draw a mixture of these two compounds.

Q3
1. Which of these contains only one substance? (1) distilled water (2)
sugar water (3) saltwater (4) rainwater
2. Given the diagrams X, Y, and Z below:

Which diagram or diagrams represent a mixture of elements A and B? (1)

X, only (3) X and Y (2) Z, only (4) X and Z

Q4
Which particle diagram represents one pure substance, only?

Q5
Two substances, A and Z, are to be identified.
Substance A can not be broken down by a chemical
change. Substance Z can be broken down by a
chemical change. What can be concluded about these
substances?
(1) Both substances are elements.
(2) Both substances are compounds.
(3) Substance A is an element and substance Z is a
compound.
(4) Substance A is a compound and substance Z is

Gases produced, color changes, heat &

light emitted,
new substances produced, old substances
destroyed.

The diagram shows five particles of elements and compounds. Each circle
represents an atom of an element. Match the pictures A to E to the following
questions.

Diagram
(a) Which particle picture represents a mixture of two compounds? ____
(b) Which particle picture represents a pure compound? ____
(c) Which particle picture represents a mixture of an element and
a compound? ____
(d) Which particle picture represents a pure element? ____
(e) Which particle picture represents a mixture of two elements? ____
(f) Which particle picture could represent pure water? ____
(g) Which particle picture could represent something dissolved
in water? ____

Summary
In particle pictures, a pure substance will be represented
by a single type of particle, either a single circle for one
atom (element) or several atoms joined together to form a
molecule (element or compound).
In a particle picture of a mixture, there will be at least two
different types of particles, which can be elements (single
atoms or larger molecules of two or more atoms) or
compounds (molecules of two or more atoms of different
elements combined together).

Task 2: Differences between pure substances and

mixtures
The following statements apply either to pure substances or
mixtures but not both. Decide which statement applies to which:
(a) It is made up of elements in fixed proportions.
(b) The components can be readily separated, e.g. by filtration or
distillation.
(c) The boiling point changes (rises) as the substance boils away
in distillation.
(d) It is very difficult to separate the components of the
substance.
(e) The elements or compounds are not in fixed proportions.
(f) The substance melts or boils at a specific temperature.
(g) The substance melts gradually over a few degrees
temperature range.
(h) There is no significant energy change on its formation.

Summary
Pure substances melt and boil at a fixed temperature;
their composition is fixed, i.e. the same atomic ratio or
molecular formula; it is not easy to separate the atoms
whether it is an element molecule or a compound.
In a mixture, the melting and boiling points vary
depending on the proportions of the components
(elements or compounds); the proportions of the
components are not fixed and vary; the components are
readily separated from each other; the mixture properties
are often similar to those of the components themselves.

Metals
Most of the elements are metals.
They have these things in common with
each other. They are:
solid at room temperature (except for
mercury)
shiny when cut
strong and can be hammered into shape
good conductors of electricity
good conductors of heat.
Some common metals are gold and copper.

Non-metals
A quarter of the elements are non-metals.
They have these things in common with each other. They
are:
solid, liquid or gas at room temperature
mostly dull in appearance
mostly brittle, and break easily when hammered
poor conductors of electricity (except for carbon)
poor conductors of heat

Can you recognise elements, compounds

and mixtures?
An element contains just one type of atom.
A compound contains two or more types of
atom joined
together.
A mixture contains two or more different
substances that
are not joined together.
The different substances in a mixture can be
elements or
compounds.

The table shows some examples.

Description

Example

Pure element

oxygen

Pure compound

carbon dioxide

Mixture of elements

oxygen and helium

Mixture of
compounds

alcohol and water

Mixture of elements
and compounds

air

Diagram

Notice that the different substances in a mixture can be single atoms,

molecules of elements or molecules of compounds.

Figure 1.4 The three physical states of water are water vapor, liquid
water, and ice. In this photo we see both the liquid and solid states of
water. We cannot see water vapor. What we see when we look at steam or
clouds is tiny droplets of liquid water dispersed in the atmosphere. The
molecular views show that the molecules in the solid are arranged in a
more orderly way than in the liquid. The molecules in the gas are much
farther apart than those in the liquid or the solid.