Appropriate use of media

in teaching

Dr D. Murali Krishna
Dr D. Shankar Reddy

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Activity

Group
Group
Group
Group

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A : Flip chart
B : Black/white board teaching
C : OHP
D: Power point presentation.

TASK
Stage One
Using your AV Aid prepare
the topic given to you .
Time alloted : 15 mts

Stage Two
Presentation 4 mts

Stage Three
Comments from facilitators and other groups 2
mts

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Introduction
Learning objectives
Definition
Classification
Advantages and disadvantages of
each audio visual aid

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Introduction
Teaching is an art it requires

1) Expertise at the subject

2) Grasp of the language
3) Skills to communicate
Choosing the appropriate teaching
aid

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Why use teaching aids?

Teaching aids are useful to:
reinforce what you are saying,
ensure that your point is understood,
signal what is important/essential,
engage students other senses in the learning
process,
facilitate different learning styles.

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We Learn and Retain:

10% of what we READ

20% of what we HEAR

30% of what we SEE
50% of what we HEAR and
SEE
70% what we SAY and WRITE
Higher levels of retention can be achieved
through active involvement in learning.
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Edgar dales Cone of experience

Learning Objectives
By the end of this session, you should be able to:
Choose the most appropriate visual aid for your
purpose and context,
Use the black-/white-board effectively,
Make the most of the overhead projector, Flip chart
Produce a basic presentation with MS PowerPoint,
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of
other media.

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Def: Audio-Visual Aids are those sensory

objects or images which initiate or
stimulate and reinforce learning.
-Burton
Audio-Visual Aids are any device
which can be used to make the
learning experience more concrete,
more realistic and more dynamic.
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Types of AV AIDS
1.Non projected visual aids:
a) Chalkboard
b) Display boards, cards and charts
2.Projected visual aids:
a)Overhead projector
b) LCD projector
c) Direct projector
3.Audio aids:

a) Public address system

b) Audio tape system

4.Written aids

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Types contd.
5.Patients and real objects
6.Three-dimensional representations:
a) Models
b) Simulators
7.Simulation and Role play
8.Audiovisual aids:
a) Video tape system
b) Tape slide system and cine film
c) Video scope
d) LCD panel
e) Virtual reality (VR)
9.Mass communication media:
b) Television
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a) Radio

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Blackboard
1801 James Pillans
invented black
board in Scotland *

*Wikipedia
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WHITE-/BLACKBOARD
Advantages

Disadvantages

No advanced preparation
required, except when
displaying a complex
table/chart/ diagram.

Time-consuming if you have a

lot to write.

Technology independent .
Can be used by students
for problem-solving, etc.

Handwriting may be difficult to

read (legibility, size, glare,
etc.).
Turn your back on audience.
Cleaning the board (chalk
dust, permanent marker, etc.)
Cant go back to something
youve erased.

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WHITE-/BLACKBOARD
TIPS
Get to the lecture hall early to make sure that the
board has been cleaned.
Bring your own chalk/markers and eraser.
If you have problems writing level, draw
horizontal lines in advance using a pencil and
metre stick.
Draw complex diagrams, charts, etc. in advance
Cleaning

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Flip chart

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Advantages
Notes, diagrams or
flowcharts can be prepared
in advance
Pages can be removed
from the pad and taped on
the walls
Can be preserved for
display even after the class
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Disadvantages
Not effective for large group
The chart cannot hold large amount
of material
Writing on the chart while the
session is going on is time
consuming
Handwriting
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FLIPCHART
When to USE:
if electricity is
unavailable,
to enable students
to illustrate group
reports,
to provide a
written record of
points made by
students.

TIPS
Check the room and
equipment beforehand.
Get your own pad of
newsprint.
Write out important pages in
advance.
Dont put too much on a page.
Carry a collection of felt-tip
pens.

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OHP
Over head projector
Invented in mid 20th century
Uses large Fresnel lens that
collimates the light
Used to project previously
prepared transparencies
Magnification is about 5
times
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OVERHEAD PROJECTOR
Advantages
Allows you to prepare all your slides in advance.
Best suited for complex diagrams, charts and
Can build up information point-by-point through
the use of overlays.
Dont have to turn your back on the audience.
easily available and inexpensive
Can be prepared easily , quickly and preserved for
future.

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Disadvantages
A blown bulb or power
failure can spoil all your
hard work.
Image quality can also be a
problem.
Transparency can go out of
focus if it is moved on the
stage

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Operation of Projector
2 mt away from screen
Good picture is obtained when
mirror is 45 to horizontal plane.
Before switching off , ensure cool
air comes out of exhaust.

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OVERHEAD PROJECTOR
Preparing Transparencies
By hand, or
Computer application (eg. MS PowerPoint, MS
Word, HTML documents)
Printing - colour or B/W
Printer (laser or inkjet), or
Photocopier

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OVERHEAD PROJECTOR

Avoid overcrowding
Avoid continuous prose
Bullet or numbered points preferred
The rule of six
Progressive disclosure
KILLS
Keep It Legible, Lean and Simple

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OVERHEAD PROJECTOR
Tables are best avoided:

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OVERHEAD PROJECTOR
Use Charts/Graphs instead:

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Slide projector

Uses 35 mm slides

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Advantages
Suitable for large and small group
Easy to carry can be stored and reused
With automatic slide projector and remote
control the speaker can manage slide
independently
Allows projection of x-ray images, scans,
specimens etc.
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Disadvantages
Need to darken the hall
for slide projection
Loss of eye contact
with the students
Excessive numbers will
result in loss of
communication

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Good slide
Convey only one idea per
slide
Slide should be simple with
adequate margins
Six lines per slide
Title 5 words or less and
outlines 7 words or less

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Power Point presentation

Used widely as
computers are available
Offers tremendous
multimedia capabilities
Great impact can be
created by proper use

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Advantages
Keeps the attention on the topic
Slide lay out, colour, font can be modified
All types of multimedia can be presented
Animation can be given for cues or
emphasis
Video clips can be incorporated

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Disadvantages

Dim light can cause loss of eye contact

Speaker cannot be seen
Overcrowding the slide,
Tendency to overload information
Requires good functioning of technology,
Lot of time and energy to prepare

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Connections

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How to connect a
projector

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Using Power Point Slides

Total number of slides = 1/2 number
of minutes in presentation
One topic per slide
3-7 bullets/slide
Key words

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 Dont make the first presentation to

your class.
Add speaker notes.
Go blank SOS

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Bad slide
This page contains too many words for a
presentation slide. It is not written in point
form, making it difficult both for your
audience to read and for you to present
each point. Although there are exactly the
same number of points on this slide as the
previous slide, it looks much more
complicated. In short, your audience will
spend too much time trying to read this
paragraph instead of listening to you.
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Audiovisual Errors

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this font is way too small

dont try to put too much on one

slide

there is just too much here to

read and what is here is too
small to see, anyway

can you even tell which color is

which on the bar graph?
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Audiovisual Errors
Use special effects sparingly
They rarely add anything to the
presentation
And can be extremely annoying and
distracting!
Graphics can be distracting
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BACKGROUND BAD
Avoid backgrounds that are
distracting or difficult to read from
Always be consistent with the
background that you use

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Font Errors: Selection

funky fonts are distracting and hard to
read
this is a sans serif font (Arial)
this is a serif font :This is Times New Roman
Serif fonts lead the eye forwards and
provide extra clues for the reader
Newer fonts Serif fonts : Georgia
San serif fonts : Verdana , Trebuchet MS
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Font Errors: Size

too small is hard to see, and this is smaller than the minimum
resolvable acuity for most of the audience

make big enough to see easily

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Font Size

titles -

40 to

text - 28 to

72 pt

40 pt

NEVER smaller than 28 pt

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Font Errors: Case

Selection
ALL CAPS IS NOT VERY READABLE
FOR LONG PASSAGES; AVOID THIS
EXCEPT FOR SHORT TITLES AND
ABBREVIATIONS
Sentence case is much more
readable!
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Font Errors: Alignment

This passage is more difficult for
you to read because it is
centered, instead of left
justified.
Dont do this.
This passage is more easier for
you to read because it is left
justified.
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Font Colors
chromatic aberration of the
eye causes different colors in
the slide to appear to be at
different depths; and makes it
hard to read

dont do it!
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Smart buttons (action

buttons)

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Other Media
AUDIO TAPES or CDs
When to USE:
Particularly suited for
language learning,
media studies
Valuable when referring
to recorded historical
events
Background music can
also be played before
class starts and during
group activities.
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TIPS
Check the room and
equipment beforehand.
Find the right spot on the
tape/CD and queue it up in
advance.
Dont play more than a few
minutes of audio at one time.
Break up longer clips into
segments, interspersed with
discussion or other activities.
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Other Media
TIPS
VIDEO TAPES or
DVDs

Same as for CDs/audio tapes

When to USE:

Check equipment
beforehand.

Adds a dimension not

Can images be seen from
available through audio
the back of the room?
alone - helps students to
Queue up the tape in
visualise.
advance.
Essential when
illustrating things that
are impractical to do in
class room .
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Break viewing into short

segments, integrated with
discussion or activities.

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Virtual reality programmes

Computer based 3D dimensional
models
Eg: Electronic glove ,Surgery
simulations
Helps in psychomotor domain

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Thank you for your time!

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Quiz

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