FUNDAMENTALRESERVOIRFLUIDPROPERTIES

EkehModestyKelechukwu
Dept.ofChemical&PetroleumEngineering
UCSIUniversity
56000Cheras,KualaLumpur
ekehmodesty@ucsi.edu.my

Syllabus
Fundamental of Reservoir Fluid Behaviours

Sampling and analysis of reservoir fluids

Basic classification of hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbon phase behaviours (single, double, multicomponents)
Classification of reservoir fluids
Gas properties
Liquid properties
Formation water properties

Typical Reservoir
Gas

Oil
water

Typical Flow
Reservoir fluid must flow to the
surface for marketable oil and gas

Hydrocarbon
Reservoir

Fluids: oil, gas and

water

Hydrocarbon
Reserves

1
1

N p A h S1w Swi

B oi Bo

G p A h 1 Swi B B

1
1

B
Bgg
gigi

Oil or Gas or Mixture of

Both

oil

Pressure

Bubblepoint

Oil+Gas

gas

Temperature

Fluid flow in
reservoir

kw A p
qw
L
ko A p
qo
L
kg A p
qg
L
Saturatedwithoil,gasandwater

Recovery
optimization

separator

Oil reservoir

Sampling and analysis of reservoir

fluids
Toobtaingoodequilibriumandrepresentativereservoirfluidsample.
Temperatureandpressurechangesinfluenceequilibriumcomposition
ofthegasandliquidphases.
SamplingMethods:
separatorsurfacesampling
bottomholesampling
AnalysisMethods:
PVTanalysis

HPHT
CompositionalanalysisuptoC70
Constantcompositionexpension
Viscosity
Differentialliberation
Compressibility

General properties of hydrocarbon

fluids
Formationvolumefactor,Bg,Bo,Bw:volres/volsc
Density,specificgravity
IsothermalCompressibility
Viscosity
SolutionGasOilRatio
Idealgaslaw:pV=nRT
Realgaslaw:pV=znRT

Typical composition of Petroleum Gases

NaturalGas
Hydrocarbons

Nonhydrocarbons

Methane7098%
Ethane110%
Propanetrace5%
Butanetrace2%
Pentanetrace1%
Hexanetrace0.5%
Heptane+trace0.5%

Nitrogentrace15%
Carbondioxidetrace5%
HydrogenSulfidetrace3%
Heliumupto5%,
normallytraces
ornone

Typical composition of Petroleum Gases

GasfromOilWell
Hydrocarbons

Nonhydrocarbons

Methane4592%
Ethane421%
Propane115%
Butane0.57%
Pentanev.little3%
Hexanev.little2%
Heptane+v.little1.5%

Nitrogenv.littleupto10%
Carbondioxidev.little4%
HydrogenSulfidev.little6%
Heliumnone

Typical Crude Oil Fractions

CrudeoilfractionsBoilingChemical
Point,oFCompositionUsages
Gashydrocarbon

C1C2Fuelgas
upto100C3C6Bottledfuelgas,solvent

Gasoline

100500 C5C10Motorfuel,solvent

Kerosene

350480 C11C13Jetfuel,crackingstock

LightGasOil

450480 C13C17Dieselfuel,furnacefuel

HeavyGasOil

580750C18C25Lubricatingoil,bunkerfuel

LubricantandWax 750950C26C38Lubricatingoil,paraffinwax,petroleumjelly
ResidualOil

950+

C38+ Tar,roofcompound,asphalt,coke

Typical composition analysis of crude oils

Carbon8487%
Hydrogen1114%
Sulfur0.062%
Nitrogen0.12%
Oxygen0.12%

Basic classification of hydrocarbons

HydrocarbonHomologSeries
Hydrocarbons
Aliphatic

Alkanes(paraffin)
saturatedH

Alkynes(acetylene)
Alkenes
unsaturatedH
unsaturatedH
triplebonds
olefin:1doublebond
diolefin:2doublebonds

Aromatics
(Benzene)

Cyclicaliphatic
Naphthalene

Compounds in Crude Oil (South Ponca Field,

Oklahoma)

Alkanes, CnH2n+2
No.ofCarbon
Name
1 Methane
2 Ethane
3 Propane
4 Butane
5 Pentane
6 Hexane
7 Heptane
8 Octane
9 Nonane
10 Decane
20 Eicosane
30 Triacontane

Covalentbond:sharingelectrons
Isomerismsamemolecularformulabut
differentstructure,differentphysicaland
chemicalproperties
Prefixisomersn,iso,neo,etc.
HeptaneC5H12
nheptane
isoheptane
neoheptane

Physicalproperties:Alkanes, CnH2n+2
Melting point
[C]

Density
[gcm3] (at
20C)

Alkane

Formula

Boiling point
[C]

Methane

CH4

-162

-183

gas

Ethane

C2H6

-89

-172

gas

Propane

C3H8

-42

-188

gas

Butane

C4H10

-138

gas

Pentane

C5H12

36

-130

0.626(liquid)

Hexane

C6H14

69

-95

0.659(liquid)

Heptane

C7H16

98

-91

0.684(liquid)

Octane

C8H18

126

-57

0.703(liquid)

Nonane

C9H20

151

-54

0.718(liquid)

Decane

C10H22

174

-30

0.730(liquid)

Undecane

C11H24

196

-26

0.740(liquid)

Dodecane

C12H26

216

-10

0.749(liquid)

Icosane

C20H42

343

37

solid

Triacontane

C30H62

450

66

solid

Tetracontane

C40H82

525

82

solid

Pentacontane

C50H102

575

91

solid

Nomenclature of Alkanes
BasedonIUPAC(InternationalUnionofPureandAppliedChemistry)rules:
Alkylgroups(missingonehydrocarbonatom):methylgroup,ethylgroup,prophylgroup

Theserulesareasfollows:
Thelargestcontinuouschainofcarbonatomsistakenasthe
frameworkonwhichthevariousalkylgroupsareconsideredtobe
substituted.Thusthefollowinghydrocarbonisapentane.
Theparenthydrocarbonisthennumberedstartingfromthe
endofthechainandthesubstituentgroupsareassignednumbers
correspondingtotheirpositionsonthechain.Thedirectionof
numberingischosentogivethelowestsumfor
thenumbersofthesidechainsubstituents.Thus,the
hydrocarbonis2,3dimethylpentane..

Nomenclature of Alkanes
Wheretherearetwoidenticalsubstituentsinoneposition
asinthecompoundbelownumbersaresuppliedforeach.

Branchedchainsubstituentgroupsaregivenappropriate
namesbyasimpleextensionofthesystemusedforbranched
chainhydrocarbons.Thelongestchainofthesubstituentis
numberedstartingwiththecarbonattacheddirectlytothe
parenthydrocarbonchain.Parenthesesareusedtoseparate
thenumberingofthesubstituentandthemainhydrocarbon
chain.

Whentherearetwoormoredifferentsubstituentspresent,
thecommonmethodistolistthesubstituentsinalphabetical
order,althoughthesubstituentsaresometimeslistedin
orderofincreasingcomplexity.