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What is philosophy?
Gr philosophia Love of Wisdom
By Jenicek ja Hitchcock (2005)
Philosophy?
Wisdom
Reality
Theories
Meaning of Life
Nature of being
human
Life perspectives
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1. Epistemology
Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that studies
knowledge.
It attempts to answer the basic question: What
distinguishes true (adequate) knowledge from
false
(inadequate) knowledge?
Practically, this question translates into issues of
scientific methodology: how can one develop theories or
models that are better than
competing theories?
It also forms one of the pillars of the new sciences of
cognition, and from artificial intelligence, as an
attempt to develop computer programs that mimic a
human's capacity to use knowledge in an
intelligent
way.
Logic knowledge
Logic is the study of right reasoning. It is
the tool philosophers use to study other
philosophical categories. Good logic includes
the use of good thinking skills and the
avoidance of logic fallacies.
Construction of general
knowledge through
induction and deduction:
the hypotheticaldeductive method
2. Metaphysics
Metaphysics is the study of reality. More
specifically it is the study of reality that is
beyond the scientific or mathematical realms.
The term metaphysics itself literally means
beyond the physical. The metaphysical issues
most discussed are the existence of God, the
soul, and the afterlife.
(C.Wolff)
2.Axiology
is the study of quality or value.
It is often thought to include ethics and aesthetics philosophical fields that depend crucially on notions of
value - and sometimes it is held to lay the groundwork
for these fields, and thus to be similar to value
theory and meta-ethics.
3. Ethics
Ethics is the study of moral value, right and
wrong. Ethics is involved with placing value to
personal actions, decisions, and relations.
Important ethical issues today include
abortion, sexual morality, the death penalty,
euthanasia, pornography, and the
environment.
5. Aesthetics
Aesthetics is the study of art and beauty. It
attempts to address such issues as:
--What is art?
--What is the relationship between beauty and
art?
--Are there objective standards by which art
can be judged?
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
Education
History
Language
Law
Mathematics
Mind
Politics
Religion
Science
Other Subfields
Philosophy of History, Philosophy of Mathematics,
Philosophy of Medicine, Philosophy of Education, Philosophy
of Linguistics, Philosophy of Criticism, Philosophy of Culture,
etc
Philosophy of Sciences
The philosophy of science seeks to understand the nature
and justification of scientific knowledge and its
ethical implications.
It has proven difficult to provide a definitive account of
the scientific method that can decisively serve to
distinguish science from non-science.
Thus there are legitimate arguments about exactly where
the borders are.
There is nonetheless a set of core precepts that have
broad consensus among published philosophers of
science and within the scientific community at
large.
What is science?
Knowledge or a system of knowledge covering general
truths or the operation of general laws especially as
obtained and tested through scientific method
Such knowledge or such a system of knowledge
concerned with the physical world and its phenomena
: NATURAL SCIENCE
(Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary)
Truth
There are several ways to understand truth, but the
most popular approach is probably the correspondence
theory of truth which means that proposition is true in
case when it corresponds to the reality.
Absolute and relative truths. Science seems to move
toward absolute truth, because theories are becoming
more and more exact and fitting better with reality
during scientific research.
Tenacity
Intuition
Authority
Rationalism
Empiricism
Science
Scientific Methods
Scientific method is a body of techniques for
investigating phenomena and acquiring new knowledge, as
well as for correcting and integrating previous knowledge.
It is based on gathering observable, empirical and
measurable evidence subject to specific principles of
reasoning, the collection of data through
observation
and experimentation, and the formulation and testing of
hypotheses.
Scientific Methods
The scientific method is often described today as comprising these
main actions: (wikipedia)
PHILOSOPHY Of MEDICINE
Philosophy
Biomedical Science
Ontologi
Human being
Epistemologi
Psychological
Aksiologi
Transcedental
Philosophy of medicine
H. Tristram Engelhardt Jr defines the issue in Routledge Encyclopedia of
Philosophy as follows:
PHILOSOPHY in
MEDICINE
Though medicine and philosophy have been intertwined
MEDICAL
HUMANITY
(HUMANIORA)
What is medicine?
There are different opinions on that issue
Medicine
Online Medical Dictionary http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/
HUMANITIES IN MEDICINE
1. To increase understanding of the human
condition
study of the humanities may be integrated into
medicine
by means of new and as yet little
understood pathways
2. To expose students to the critical analysis of
ideas
3. To make more allowance for individual
differences
4. To provide pockets of expertise and lifelong
interests
(BMJ 2001;323:685-688)
ntegrative Medicine
Integrative Medicine has been defined by the
National Center for
Complementary and Alternative
Medicine as practices that
combine "mainstream
medical therapies and CAM therapies
for which
there is some high-quality scientific evidence of
safety and effectiveness"
Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM)
is an umbrella
term under which various forms of
non-traditional, non-Western medicine and healing
fall.
Alternative Medicine: practices used in place of
conventional
medical treatments, often
incorporating spiritual, metaphysical, or religious
underpinnings, non-European
medical traditions,
or newly-developed approaches to healing
Conclusion
Four modules
- health from social, economical, political and
ideological point of view
- historical and cultural engagements of concepts
of health and illness
- healing and art
- health and illness at different stages of life
INTRODUCTION
Medical Education
Stake holders
MD
Education Standards
Medical Education Standards
Medical Practice
Clinical Decision
Making
1.
2.
3.
Quality Assurance
(Jaminan mutu)
Social Accountibility
4.
Scientific (EBM)
Ethics (Moral principles)
Legal (Act, Regulation)
Humane
Area of Study
Biomedical Ethics
Evidence Based Medicine
Integrative Medicine
Medico legal aspect
Total Quality Management (TQM),
Accreditation and Accountability,
Professional development,
Patient empowerment,
Patients Physician relationship
and others