Abu Bakar

Gbr.

Analisa Gas Darah

pH
pO2
pCO2
HCO3
BE
Saturasi

7,35 7,45
80 100 mmHg
35 45 mmHg
26 22 mEg/L
-2 - +2
95%

PEMBACAAN
Asidosis

Berlawanan
Respiratorik

Searah
Metabolik

7,35

35

22

pH

pCO2

HCO3

7,45

Alkalosis

Berlawanan
Respiratorik

45

26

Searah
Metabolik

INTEPRETASI HASIL GDA

Ketidak
Seimbangan
Asidosis
Respiratorik
Asidosia
Metabolik
Alkalosis
Respiratorik
Alkalosis
Metabolik

pH

pCO2

HCO3

BE

Darah Lengkap

ALBUMIN
Mempertahankan
Tekanan Osmotik
ERITROSIT
Jumlah Sel Darah
Merah
HEMATOKRIT
Mengetahui
Viskositas Darah

TROMBOSIT
Elemen Koagulasi
HEMOGLOBIN
Pengikat O2
LEUKOSIT
Pertahanan Tubuh

Hormon Pengatur Kardio

There are several hormones that control

the resistance of the vascular system.
These hormones are released directly in
response to changes in blood pressure,
in response to neural stimulation, or
both

Norepinephrine and
Epinephrine

Norepinephrine and epinephrine are

released from the adrenal medulla in
response to activation of the
sympathetic nervous system.
Vasoconstriction
vasodilation of arterioles
increase heart rate

Renin-Angiotensin
System

Changes in blood pressure are sensed

by the renal baroreceptors. If blood
pressure is high, release of the hormone
renin is decreased. If blood pressure
decreases, renin release increases.
Renin release is also stimulated by
sympathetic nerves to the kidney. Renin
controls the production of another
hormone, angiotensin II.

Angiotensin II is a powerful
vasoconstrictor that primarily causes
constriction of the small arterioles. This
causes an increase in resistance to
blood flow and an increase in blood
pressure.

Aldosterone

Aldosterone circulates to the kidney and

causes cells of the distal tubule to
increase sodium reabsorption. Under
many circumstances, reabsorption of
water follows that of sodium, leading to
an increase in plasma volume. An
increase in plasma volume increases
stroke volume, and hence cardiac output.
It also causes increased blood pressure.

Antidiuretic Hormone

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also called

vasopressin, is released from the
posterior pituitary in response to
increased plasma osmolality (decreased
water concentration) or decreased blood
pressure.
ADH is a potent vasoconstrictor with the
potential to increase blood pressure by
increasing the resistance to blood flow.

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is a

hormone released from cells of the right
atrium in response to an increase in
blood volume. ANP acts on the kidney to
increase the excretion of sodium ion
(natriuresis). Because water will follow
sodium in the urine, ANP serves to
decrease blood volume and blood
pressure.

Other Chemical
Mediators Influencing
Various other chemicals are released by
Blood
Flow
the blood
vessels or by mediators of
inflammation or healing, which affect
blood flow to an area.

Nitric Oxide

Endothelial cells of the small arteries and

arterioles respond to the binding of various
vasoactive substances such as acetylcholine
with the production of the vasodilator nitric
oxide (previously called endothelial-derived
relaxing factor). Nitric oxide release also
occurs with increased blood flow through a
vessel, allowing local dilation of the
microvasculature to be matched by dilation
of the small arteries and arterioles.

Endothelin

Endothelial cells also release

endothelin, a 21amino acid peptide
that acts as a potent constrictor of
vascular smooth muscle. Endothelin
release is stimulated by angiotensin II,
ADH, thrombin, cytokines, reactive
oxygen species, and shearing forces
acting on the vascular endothelium.

Serotonin

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is
primarily released by platelets drawn to
an area of injury or inflammation. Effects
of serotonin may be vasodilatory or
vasoconstricting, depending on the site
of release. Serotonin's ability to
vasoconstrict and decrease blood flow
appears to be one mechanism whereby
platelets control or reduce bleeding.

Bradykinin

Bradykinin, like all members of the kinin

family, is a small polypeptide that acts
as a potent vasodilator of arterioles and
as a mediator to increase capillary
permeability.
The effects of bradykinin are increased
local blood flow, increased capillary
permeability, and decreased vascular
resistance. These effects

Prostaglandins

There are many different types of

prostaglandins. Some cause dilation of
the vascular system and some cause
constriction. Arachidonic acid is present
in all cell membranes and is released
with tissue injury. Prostaglandins work to
control local blood flow. They may
circulate to affect distant cells.