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COMMUNICATION
WHAT IS DIGITAL
COMMUNICATION?
Digital communications broadly refers to the
transmission of information using digital
messages or bit streams.
There are notable advantages to transmitting
data using discrete messages.
Errors caused by noise and interference can be
detected and corrected systematically.
Digital communications also make the
networking of heterogeneous systems
possible, with the Internet
being the most obvious such example.
DIGITAL
COMMUNICATION
DIGITAL
COMMUNICATION
DIGITAL
COMMUNICATION
Channel Encoder:
DIGITAL
COMMUNICATION
Channel:
The communication channel is the physical medium that is used for
transmitting signals from transmitter to receiver. In a wireless system,
this channel consists of the atmosphere. For traditional telephony, this
channel is wired, there are fiber-optic channels and underwater
acoustic channels.
Digital Demodulator:
The digital demodulator processes the channel corrupted transmitted
waveform and reduces the waveform to the sequence of numbers that
represents estimates of the transmitted data symbols.
DIGITAL
COMMUNICATION
Channel Decoder:
This sequence of numbers then passed through the channel decoder
which attempts to reconstruct the original information sequence from
the knowledge of the code used by the channel encoder and the
redundancy contained in the received data
Source Decoder
At the end, if an analog signal is desired then source decoder tries to
decode the sequence from the knowledge of the encoding algorithm.
And which results in the approximate replica of the input at the
transmitter end
Output Transducer:
Finally we get the desired signal in desired format analog or digital.
INFORMATION CAPACITY
Is a measure of how much information can
be propagated through a communications
system and is a function of bandwidth and
transmission time.
Information capacity represents the
number of independent symbols that can be
carried through a system in a given unit of
time.
The most basic digital symbol used to
represent information is the bit.
BANDWIDTH
Bandwidth
DIGITAL MODULATION
TECHNIQUES
FSK
Spectral Efficiency in
Practical Radio
QPSK
Spectral Efficiency in
Practical Radio
QAM
Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation (QAM)
BANDWIDTH EFFICIENCY
-used to compare the performance of one
digital modulation technique to another.
-ratio of the transmission bit rate to the
minimum bandwidth required for a
particular modulation scheme
transmission bit rate (bps)
B minimum bandwidth (Hz)
CARRIER RECOVERY
The process of extracting a phasecoherent reference carrier from a receiver
signal. Sometimes called phase
referencing
Squaring
Loop BPSK waveform is filtered and then
CLOCK RECOVERY
Digital radio requires precise timing or
clock synchronization between the
transmit and the receive circuitry.
It is necessary to regenerate clocks at the receiver
that are synchronous with those at the transmitter.
SUMMARY
Digital transmission uses frequency,
phase, and amplitude variations, just
as does analog transmission.
The maximum data rate of a channel
is a function of bandwidth,
modulation scheme, and signal-tonoise ratio.
More complex modulation schemes
can achieve higher data rates, but
only when the S/N ratio is high.
SUMMARY
FSK uses two (and occasionally more
than two) transmitted frequencies to
achieve modest data rates with good
performances in noisy channels.
GMSK is a special case of FSK that
achieve minimum BW possible for a
2-freq FSK system at given data rate.
Most PSK systems use 4 phase
angles for somewhat higher data
rates than are achievable by FSK.
SUMMARY
QAM achieves higher data rates than
FSK or PSK by using a combination of
amplitude and phase modulation.
QAM requires a relatively noise-free
channel to realize its advantages.
P(e) and BER are used to evaluate a
digital systems performance.
Energy per bit-to-noise power density
ratio is used to compare two or more
digital modulation systems.