Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
AEROSPACE ENGINEERING
NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY, SINGAPORE
MA4704 - Aeroelasticity
Part I Structural Vibrations, Static Aeroelasticity
and Unsteady Aerodynamics
A/Prof Lin Rongming
Part II Dynamic Aeroelasticity and Flutter
Prof Zhao Dan
Contact A/P Lin Rongming: Room N3.2-02-80,
Tel.: 6790 4728, E-mail: mrmlin@ntu.edu.sg
Consultations: Fridays 10 - 1pm
Course Website: http://edventure.ntu.edu.sg
Lectures 1 & 2 1/45
NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY, SINGAPORE
Assessments:
(1) Continual Assessment: 50%
Two (2) project assignments one for Part I
and another for Part II, each contributes 25%
towards overall final grade.
(2) Final Open-Book Exam: 50%
Text Book:
The lecture notes are developed based on
the book Introduction to Structural
Dynamics and Aeroelasticity, Dewey H.
Hodges and G. Alvin Pierce, Cambridge
University Press, 2002
Lectures 1 & 2 2/45
NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY, SINGAPORE
What is Aeroelasticity ?
Aeroelasticity is the study of the interactions of
inertial, structural and aerodynamic forces and
their effect on the structural and control
performances of aircraft, space vehicles, high
speed trains, etc.
am
i
Dy
n
Str
uc
ta
l
ic s
Dynamic
Aeroelasticity
am
yn
Structural
Forces
tD
gh
Fli
cs
Inertial Forces
Static Aeroelasticity
Aerodynamic
Forces
Sunday, August 30, 2015
NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY, SINGAPORE
NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY, SINGAPORE
NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY, SINGAPORE
NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY, SINGAPORE
NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY, SINGAPORE
NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY, SINGAPORE
NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY, SINGAPORE
NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY, SINGAPORE
NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY, SINGAPORE
NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY, SINGAPORE
A340 GVT
NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY, SINGAPORE
NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY, SINGAPORE
NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY, SINGAPORE
NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY, SINGAPORE
A bit of History:
The first ever flutter incident occurred on the
Handley Page O/400 bomber in 1916 in UK.
A fuselage torsion mode was coupled (with very close
natural frequencies) with an anti-symmetric elevator
mode (the elevators were independently actuated).
The problem was
solved by coupling the
elevators through a
torsion tube to increase
the natural frequency of
the anti-symmetric
elevator mode.
Lectures 1 & 2 17/45 Introduction to Structural Dynamics and Aeroelasticity
NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY, SINGAPORE
wing
Balancing
mass
Hinge line
Aileron
NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY, SINGAPORE
Historical Examples:
Aircraft that experienced aeroelastic phenomena
Handley Page O/400 (elevators-fuselage)
Junkers JU90 (fluttered during flight flutter test)
P80, F100, F14 (transonic aileron buzz)
T46A (servo tab flutter)
F16, F18 (external stores LCO, buffeting)
F111 (external stores LCO nonlinear flutter)
F117, E-6 (vertical fin flutter)
Read Historical Development of Aircraft Flutter, I. E.
Garrick, W. H. Reed III, Journal of Aircraft, 18(11),
897-912, 1981
Lectures 1 & 2 19/45 Introduction to Structural Dynamics and Aeroelasticity
NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY, SINGAPORE
Aeroelastic Modeling:
Aircraft are very complex structures with many modes of
vibration and can exhibit very complex fluid-structure
interaction phenomena including divergence, flutter,
LCO (nonlinear flutter), buffeting etc.
The exact modeling of these aeroelastic behaviour of an
aircraft necessitates the coupled solution of:
-- The full structural vibration equations;
-- The full compressible Navier Stokes equations.
As this is very difficult, we begin with something simpler
a 2DOF pitch plunge airfoil. Such a simple model has
been shown to have captured most of the essential
behaviour of practical complex aeroelastic systems.
Lectures 1 & 2 20/45 Introduction to Structural Dynamics and Aeroelasticity
NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY, SINGAPORE
h h t
t
I , m
O
kT
k
c/2
h
A
Flexural axis A
Mass centre C
a negative A ahead of C
NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY, SINGAPORE
Structural Modeling:
There are always two aspects to each aeroelastic
modeling:
-- A Structural Model
-- An Aerodynamic Model
In some cases a control model is added to represent
the effects of actuators and other control elements.
To develop a structural model, Lagranges energy
method is often used. We use the method here to
derive equations of motion (EOMs) for the 2DOF pitch
plunge airfoil and leave the detailed discussion of the
method later.
Lectures 1 & 2 22/45 Introduction to Structural Dynamics and Aeroelasticity
NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY, SINGAPORE
Kinetic Energy dT :
x
dx
x
v
h
A
c/2
assumed to be small
v c / 2 a x h
1
2
dT w dx c / 2 a x h
2
NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY, SINGAPORE
Kinetic Energy T :
Upon integration over the whole chord length of the
airfoil, the total kinetic energy becomes,
1 2
1
T m h S h
I 2
2
2
where S and I are defined as,
S ma
1
2
2
I
mc ma IA
12
Lectures 1 & 2 24/45 Introduction to Structural Dynamics and Aeroelasticity
NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY, SINGAPORE
Potential Energy V :
The potential energy is simply the energy stored in the
two springs,
1
1
2
2
V kh
kT
2
Equations of Motion:
1 2
1
1
1
2
2
L T V m h S h
I k h kT 2
2
2
2
2
then,
d L
L
0,
dt h
h
d L
L
0
dt
NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY, SINGAPORE
Equations of Motion:
Upon substituting T and V into those 2 equations, the 2
EOMs can be established to be come,
mh S kh 0
I Sh kT 0
When written in matrix form, these become,
m S
S I
h
k 0
0
k
h
0
0
NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY, SINGAPORE
Aerodynamics Modeling:
The possible aerodynamic model to be used depends
on flow regime of the problem and the simplicity to be
sought.
In general, four flow regimes can be considered by
aeroelasticians:
-----
Incompressible
Subsonic
Transonic
Supersonic
For the moment and for this course, we will deal only
with incompressible modelling and that is adequate for
most applications.
Lectures 1 & 2 27/45 Introduction to Structural Dynamics and Aeroelasticity
NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY, SINGAPORE
NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY, SINGAPORE
Examples of Wake:
NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY, SINGAPORE
Examples of Wake:
NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY, SINGAPORE
Quasi-steady Aerodynamics:
Quasi-steady aerodynamic models assume that there
are only four contributions to aerodynamic forces:
-- Horizontal airspeed U, at an angle of attack (t)
to airfoil;
-- Airfoil plunge speed, h t .
NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY, SINGAPORE
L
M
A
c/2
NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY, SINGAPORE
v y c / 2 a x h
z z (x)
vx U
Hence, camber line
slope becomes,
P
x
vy
vx
x
Sunday, August 30, 2015
NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY, SINGAPORE
vy
dz
dz / dt
c / 2 a x h
dx
dx / dt
vx
U
From thin airfoil theory, lift coefficient can then be
written as,
cl 2 A0 A1 / 2
where A0 and A1 are defined as,
1
A0
where
dz
d ,
dx
2
An
dz
cos n d
dx
c
1 cos
x
2
NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY, SINGAPORE
c
t
h t
cl t 2 t
a
U
4
U
cm,le cl / 4 A1 A2 / 4
cm, A cm,le c / 2 a cl / c
NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY, SINGAPORE
2
A2
a c / 2 cos h
cos 2 d
U
Lc 2 bU U h
a
(1)
4
1 a 2
1
c
M c
c U U h
a
c 3U
4
16
4 c
(2)
NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY, SINGAPORE
Lnc b 2 U a h
(3)
M nc b 2 ah c / 4 a U a 2 b 2 / 8 (4)
Lectures 1 & 2 37/45 Introduction to Structural Dynamics and Aeroelasticity
NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY, SINGAPORE
L b U a h 2 bU U h
a
4
M b ah c / 4 a U a 2 b 2 / 8
(5)
1 a 2
1
c
c U U h
a
c 3U
4
16
4 c
(6)
m S
S I
h
k 0
0 kT
h
L
(7)
Sunday, August 30, 2015
NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY, SINGAPORE
m
S
h
b 2
2
2
a (a b / 8)
1
(c / 4 a )
h
(c / 4 a) (a c / 4)(a c / 2)
S h
Uc
k 0 h
0 k
T
2 0
h
0
U c
0
0 ( c / 4 a )
1
(8)
Lectures 1 & 2 39/45 Introduction to Structural Dynamics and Aeroelasticity
NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY, SINGAPORE
NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY, SINGAPORE
Static Aeroelasticity:
We have now established the full equations of motion
for the pitch plunge airfoil based on quasi-steady
aerodynamics and we are to examine these in detail;
First, we will study the static equilibrium of the system;
Static means that all the velocities and accelerations
are zero;
The equations of motion in static case become,
h
0
U c
2
[kT U c c / 4 a ]
0
2
NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY, SINGAPORE
Aerodynamic Coupling:
Let us now apply a static moment M0 around the flexural
axis A, then the equilibrium equations become;
h
0
U c
2
[kT U c c / 4 a ]
M0
2
M0
kT U 2c c / 4 a
U 2c M 0
k [kT U 2c c / 4 a ]
0
Sunday, August 30, 2015
NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY, SINGAPORE
h
F0
U 2c
2
[kT U c c / 4 a ]
0
F0
h
,
k
NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY, SINGAPORE
Static Divergence:
Look at the static pitch displacement in the case of an
applied static moment:
M0
kT U 2c c / 4 a
UD
kT
c c / 4 a
NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY, SINGAPORE