Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
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Kinds of Reactions
Mechanisms (polar, non-polar)
Bond Dissociation Energy
Reaction Profiles
Types of Reactions
Addition Reactions
H
C=C
H
H
+ HBr
H
Br
C
H
H
Elimination Reactions
H
H
Br
C
H + NaOH
H
H
C=C
H
H
+ H2O
H + NaBr
Types of Reactions
Substitution:
Polar
H
H
H
H
Br
+ KCN
NC
H
H
Non-polar
CH4 + Cl2
light (h)
CH3Cl + HCl
+ KBr
Rearrangement
Definitions
Mechanism: Complete step-by-step of exactly which
bonds break and which bonds form and in what
order.
Thermodynamics: The study of the energy changes
that occur in chemical transformations. This allows
for comparison of stability of reactants and products.
Kinetics: The study of reaction rates, determining
which products are formed most rapidly. One can
predict how the rate will change with changing
conditions.
CH3OH + Br
Rate = k[CH3Br][OH ]
second order rate kinetics
(CH3)3OH + HBr
Rate = k[(CH3)3CBr]
First order rate kinetics
Bond Breaking:
Non-polar and Polar
Bond Forming:
Non-polar and Polar
- 431
+ 435
= - 109 KJ/mol
+ 242
- 351
Chlorination of Propane
40%
60%
Chlorination of Methylpropane
CH3
CH3
H + Cl .
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH2Cl
H
+ Cl2
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
C.
CH3
C.
CH3
CH3
CH2
C
H + CH3
CH3
CH3
CH2
+ Cl2
CH3
C
CH3
H 65% + Cl .
Cl 35% + Cl .
O3
O2 + O .
a CFC
F
F
F
h
ultraviolet
Cl
Cl
Cl
i)
Cl .
ii)
ClO . + O
net reaction
C.
+ O3
O3 + O.
ClO.
+ O2
Cl . + O2
2 O2
Cl .
Polar Reactions:
Nucleophiles & Electrophiles
Transition State