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M.E. 2nd
Moitreya Adhikary
Semester Dept. E&TC (Microwave)
ID- 210713016
Exam Roll- 161307013
Session 2013-14
IIEST, Shibpur
Contents
Origin of image problem
Why image-reject receivers?
Image-reject architectures
90 phase shift operation
Quadrature mixing operation
Hartley architecture
Image rejection in Hartley architecture
Drawbacks of Hartley receiver
Weaver architecture
Image rejection in Weaver architecture
Advantages of Weaver architecture
Drawbacks of Weaver receiver
Calibration
Conclusion
References
But
Higher IF
Better Image rejection
&
Lower channel selectio
Why Image-Reject
Receivers?
1. "Image-reject" architectures are a class of receivers
that suppress the image without filtering, thereby
avoiding the trade-off between image rejection and
channel selection as in traditional heterodyne and
direct-conversion receivers .
2. Traditional receivers employ an explicit imagereject filters to suppress the image before mixing.
These filters have high power consumption and
require off-chip implementation. Whereas, imagereject receivers are low-power, fully monolithic as
no image-reject filtering is required in them.
Image-Reject Architectures
The basic objective of an image-reject receiver is
to process and suppress the image-tone without
utilizing an explicit, external filter. A useful metric
to quantify the degree of image rejection in a
receiver is the image rejection ratio (IRR), which
is defined by:
Quadrature Mixing
Operation
Quadrature mixer is another constituent block of image-reject
receivers. The effect on signal spectra by the operation of
quadrature mixing is shown in Figure3.
Quadrature Mixer
+ve Hilbert Transform
Signal
(a)
Figure3(a): High-side injection
( > )
Signal
Hartley Architecture
The Hartley architecture is the most basic
image-reject architecture where,
The incoming RF signal is mixed with
quadrature outputs of the local oscillator
signal, namely sinLOt and cosLOt, and fed
through a low pass filter.
The signal at node B (Figure4) is then
shifted by 90 degrees by a RC-CR network
and signal at node C is then added to the
signal at node A.
HPF section
Lowside
injection
Qim,90 has
opposite
polarity of Iim ,
thus cancel
each other out
after
summation but
Isig and Qsig,90 are
additive
(a)
(b)
Figure6: Image and signal spectra (a) after
quadrature down-conversion with low-side
injection and (b) after 90 phase shift
Drawbacks of Hartley
Receiver
There are several drawbacks of Hartley architecture,
1. The principal drawback of the Hartley architecture
stems from its sensitivity to mismatches: the perfect
image cancellation occurs only if the amplitude and
phase of the negative of the image exactly match those
of the image itself.
Phase error
With various mismatches arising in the LO and signal paths, the IRR typ
falls below roughly 35 dB.
Weaver Architecture
To alleviate the mismatch problem associated
with the RC-CR 90 shift network in the Hartley
architecture, the network can be replaced with a
second quadrature mixing stage, which is known
as Weaver architecture.
Image is removed
No image
Drawbacks of Weaver
Receiver
1.
2.
3.
Calibration
For image-rejection ratios well above 40 dB, the Hartley
or Weaver architectures must incorporate calibration, i.e.,
a method of cancelling the gain and phase mismatches.
A number of calibration techniques have been reported
so far in many literatures.
For example, the Self-Calibrating Architecture introduced
by Montemayor and Razavi, determines the phase and
gain mismatches of a Weaver architecture, and drives
their magnitudes towards zero through use of a negative
feedback loop. Other calibration methods include SignSign Least Mean Square (SS-LMS) calibration, Variable
Delay Cell, Variable Gain Cell etc.
Conclusion
The demand for fully monolithic wireless
receivers has fuelled the development of new
image-reject architectures that eliminate the
need for explicit, off-chip filters. It also proves
to be a low power solution to image rejection.
However, the accuracy of the image-reject
receivers is of great concern as they are
susceptible to mismatches. The technologists
have come up with various calibration
techniques that sufficiently improve the IRR.
References
[1] RF
Microelectronics,
Behzad
Razavi, 2nd
edition, Prentice Hall,
2012
[2] B. Razavi, Architectures and
Circuits for RF CMOS Receivers,
IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits
Conference, pp. 393-400, 1998.
[3] J. Chow, K. Phang, RF IMAGEREJECT RECEIVERS, 2002
Questions?
Thank You