Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
RICO AT HUMACAO
COLLEGE BOARD
ENGLISH
ADVANCED LEVEL
SEMINAR
NOVEMBER 17,
2006
GRAMMAR REVIEW
PARALLEL STRUCTURE
CONNECTIVE WORDS
PRONOUNS
VERBS (TENSES, SUBJECT-VERB
AGREEMENT)
REPORTED SPEECH
TYPES OF QUESTIONS
MISPLACED AND DANGLING
MODIFIERS
PARALLEL STRUCTURE
Nouns line up with nouns, verbs line up
with verbs
Shows order, clarity and rhythm
Creates a sense of balance and provides
a sense of the relative importance of the
information
Required in lists and series, in
compound structures, in comparisons
and in contrasting elements
STRATEGIES FOR
CORRECTING UNPARALLEL
STRUCTURES
Skim your paper, pausing at the words
"and" and "or." Check on each side of
these words.
If you have several items in a list, put
them in a column to see if they are
parallel.
Listen to the sound of the items in a list
or the items being compared. Do you
hear the same kinds of sounds?
PRACTICE EXERCISES
http://athena.english.vt.edu/~IDLE
/Gym2/workout18/e18.01.01.html
http://www.chompchomp.com/structu
re01/structure01.htm
CONNECTIVE WORDS
linguistic units that link two other
constituents together.
describe relationships
give a sense of time
form the logical bridges between
ideas
ALSO
HOWEVER
ALTHOUGH
INCIDENTALLY
THEREFORE
BESIDES
LIKEWISE
THUS
MEANWHILE
MOREOVER
USUALLY
FURTHERMORE
NEXT
WHATEVER
GENERALLY
YET
ACCORDINGLY
NEVERTHELESS
INSTEAD
IN CONTRAST
FOR EXAMPLE
THEN
SOON
FORMERLY
SOMETIMES
ONCE
WHEN
ULTIMATELY
EVENTUALLY
LASTLY
LATER
MEANWHILE
PREVIOUSLY
OTHER CONNECTORS
TO BEGIN WITH
ON THE OTHER HAND
IN BRIEF
IN GENERAL
IN SUMMARY
MORE SPECIFICALLY
INSTEAD OF
IN ADDITION TO
IN OTHER WORDS
ANOTHER WAY TO
WHAT'S MORE
IN THE SAME WAY
ON THE CONTRARY
CONVERSELY
AS A RESULT
connective
adverbs and
phrases
conjunctions
addition
opposition
however, though,
nevertheless, on
the other hand, in
contrast, even so
alternatively, yet,
anyway, in fact,
but, or,
(al)though,
whereas, while
in that
first(ly),second(ly)fir and
st of all, finally,
lastly, for one thing,
for another, in the
first place, to begin
with, next, in sum,
to conclude, in a
nutshell
indicating
result
therefore,
consequently,
as a result, so,
then
because, since,
as, for, if, unless,
now (that), so
(that), in case,
provided (that),
whether ... or ...
indicating
time
then,
meanwhile,
later,
afterwards,
before (that),
since (then),
meanwhile
when, before,
after, since, until,
till, while, as, once,
whenever
PRACTICE EXERCISES
http://www.rit.edu/~seawww/expres
singlogical/el09guided_1.html
PRONOUNS
Agree in number
If a student parks a car on campus, she has
to buy a parking sticker.
Agree in person
When a person comes to class, she should
have her homework ready.
Refer clearly to a specific noun
You are one of those people who like to
keep their skeletons in the closet.
STEPS TO ACHIEVE
AGREEMENT IN NUMBER
Identify the antecedent
Identify if the antecedent is singular
or plural
Match the pronoun to the
antecedent
Students must fill out an evaluation
sheet after their conference.
STEPS TO ACHIEVE
AGREEMENT IN PERSON
Decide if you are going to write in
the first person, second person or
third person.
Be consistent (in the sentence,
paragraph or paper).
Beware of mismatches between
pronouns and antecedents.
PRACTICE EXERCISES
http://chompchomp.com/hotpotatoe
s/proref01.htm
http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/gr
ammar/pronouns.htm
VERBS
Four Verb Forms
Base form-write
Past form -wrote
Present participle-writing
Past participle -written
Passive and Active Voices
The executive committee approved the
new policy or The new policy was
approved by the executive committee.
MOOD
Indicative-Makes a statement of asks a question.
Imperative-Gives a directive, order
Subjunctive-Expresses a wish or begins with as, as
if, as though
Auxiliary Verbs and Modal AuxiliariesBe, Have/has, do/does, can, could, should, would,
may, might, must
Sequence of Tenses
With Infinitives and Participles
http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/gra
mmar/sequence.htm#modal_seque
nce
Subject-Verb Agreement:
Trouble Spots
If there are intervening components
of the sentence, identify the subject.
The group of bizarrely dressed
youths is taking over the cafeteria.
Two subjects joined by "and" use a
plural verb
My mother and father are coming to
visit.
VERB PRACTICE
http://a4esl.org/q/j/kf/mc-svad.html
http://a4esl.org/q/h/9901/cwsvagreement.html
REPORTED SPEECH
Also referred to as Indirect Speecha sentence reporting what someone
has said.
If the reporting verb (i.e. said) is in
the past, the reported clause will be
in a past form. This form is usually
one step back into the past from the
original.
He said the test was difficult.
Indirect Questions
Pay attention to sentence order. When
reporting yes/ no questions connect the
reported question using 'if'. When
reporting questions using question words
use the question word.
Dave asked, "Where did you go last
weekend?" BECOMES Dave asked me
where I had gone the previous weekend.
He asked, "Why are you studying
English?" BECOMES She asked me why
I was studying English.
PRACTICE EXERCISE
http://a4esl.org/q/j/dt/mcvancouver.html
TYPES OF QUESTIONS
There are 3 basic types of questions:
Yes/No Questions (the answer to the
question is "Yes" or "No")
Do you want dinner? Yes, I do.
Question Word Questions (the answer to
the question is "Information")
Was Ral home? No, he wasn't.
Choice Questions (the answer to the
question is "in the question")
Tag Questions
It is a statement followed by a miniquestion. The whole sentence is a "tag
question", and the mini-question at the
end is called a "question tag".
We use tag questions at the end of
statements to ask for confirmation.
You are coming, aren't you? We have
finished, haven't we?
Examples:
The professor posted the notes
for the students covered in
class.
Walking through the park, the
grass tickled my feet.
HOW TO CORRECT
MISPLACED MODIFIERS
Misplaced modifier- A small book
sat on the desk that Sarah had
read.
place any modifiers as close as
possible to the words, phrases, or
clauses they modify.
Correct A small book that Sarah
had read sat on the desk.
PRACTICE EXERCISES
http://rwc.hunter.cuny.edu/readingwriting/on-line/mismod-a.html
http://wwwnew.towson.edu/ows/exe
rcisemm.htm
THE END