Chapter 08

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Alcohol
Chapter 8

Learning Outcomes
Describes the sources of alcohol and the
calories it provides
Define standard serving sizes of alcoholic
beverages and the term moderate drinking
Summarize how alcoholic beverages are
produced
Outline the process of alcohol absorption,
transport and metabolism
3

Learning Outcomes
Define binge drinking and explain how it
increases the risk of alcohol poisoning
Explain how alcohol consumption affects
blood alcohol concentration
Describe guidelines for using alcohol safely
Discuss potential benefits of using alcohol
Summarize the risks of alcohol
consumption
4

Learning Outcomes
Describe the effects of chronic alcohol use
on the body and nutritional status
List the signs of alcohol dependency and
abuse
Outline the methods used to diagnose
alcohol abuse
List the strategies and resources available
for the treatment of alcoholism
5

Sources of Alcohol
Contains 7 kcal/g
Beer, wine, distilled spirits, liqueurs, cordials, and
hard cider
Vary in alcohol and caloric content

Standard drink provides 15 g of alcohol

12 oz beer, 10 oz wine cooler, 5 oz wine or 1.5 oz of hard liquor

Moderate intake
1 drink a day for women
2 drink a day for men
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Table 8.1

(15g)

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( )

Production of Alcoholic
Beverages
Fermentation
Yeast consumes carbohydrates and converts them
to alcohol and carbon dioxide
(Gin,
wiskey)

Distillation
Separating the alcohol out of the product

10

Alcohol Absorption and Transport

Alcohol is absorbed throughout the GI tract by
simple diffusion, ,
20% in stomach, , ,

80% in duodenum and jejunum

Readily dispersed throughout the body

Damages cell proteins ( )
11

 ADH 10-30%
ADH , MEOS

MEOS ,
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Page 257

Alcohol

alcohol dehydrogenase

Acetaldehyde

aldehyde dehydrogenase

Acetyl-CoA

CO2

H2O

+ energy

Fatty acid

Alcohol Metabolism
Low to moderate intakes
1. Alcohol dehydrogenase pathway (ADH)

Moderate to excessive intakes

2. Microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS)
Drugs and foreign substances

3. Catalase pathway
2-10% is excreted unmetabolized
lungs, urine, sweat
15

Alcohol
Metabolism
(2)
ADH , 90%
Factors affecting alcohol metabolism
Ethnicity, gender ,and age
1st ( ) ,2nd ( )
, ,

Alcoholic content, amount consumed, individuals usual intake

Rate of alcohol metabolism

70 Kg : 5-7g/hour ( drink)

:Intoxication and alcohol poisoning (Fig.8-3)

Binge Drinking: 4 or >4 / , 5 or >5 /
16

 :
1.
2.
(>30-35%) ,
intoxication or drunk

P.260-2

 :
0.25 / ,
0.05%:
1. NT$15000 60000
2.
,
/ ,

0.55 / 0.11%:
1. :
20

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22

Alcohol Consumption
in North America
62% adults consume alcohol,44% are light drinkers (3 or <3 /
), 15% are moderate( :<7C/wk <14C/wk),5% are
excessive.
Of the 70% of college students who drink, at least 45% engage in
binge drinking
4% of US population is alcohol-dependent
9% of young adults are alcohol-dependent
By age 14/15 almost half of adolescents have consumed alcohol

24

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P.2651

Health Effects of Alcohol

Guidelines for Using Alcohol Safely
Drink in moderation
Should not be consumed by some individuals
and during some activities

Potential Benefits
Self-reported reduced anxiety and stress
Appetite stimulant in elderly
Cardiovascular benefits: LDL
, HDL
Type 2 diabetes and dementia?
28

P.266

Risks of
Excessive Alcohol Intake
Alcohol affects many organs and systems (Fig.82)

Accidents
Brain, heart damage, high blood pressure
Cancer: oral cavity, trachea, larynx and throat,
colorectal, breast
Cirrhosis of the Liver
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Fig.8-2.

31

P.26
8

 10-15% :80 g(6-7C)/Day, for >10 yr,

40 g/d for men, 20 g /d for women

34

Page 266

( ) ,

Effects of Alcohol Abuse on Nutritional Status:

Protein-energy malnutrition
Water-soluble vitamin deficiencies
Thiamin, niacin, B-6, B-12, and folate
1.Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome (B1 deficiency)

(

2. Niacin
3. B6
4. B12

Fat-soluble vitamin (A,D,E,K) deficiencies

Due to impaired bile and pancreatic enzyme secretion

Minerals
Ca( ), Mg( ), Zn( ) and
Fe(r GI )
37

Alcohol Consumption During

Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
Most severe damage occurs in the first 1216 weeks of pregnancy
Fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol
spectrum disorder
Breastfeeding
Alcohol does pass through breast milk
It decreases breast milk production
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40

Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism

(P.270)

Alcohol Abuse
Alcohol Dependency (Alcoholism)
Genetic influences: 40-50%
Effect of gender : =4:1,
Age of onset of drinking <14 yr
Ethnicity: ,

Mental health :

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P.27
2

Diagnosis and Treatment of

Alcoholism
Determining whether a problem exists
(CAGE)
75% of people with alcohol problems do not
seek treatment

Recovery from alcoholism

Behavioral therapy and medication
Total abstinence
Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)
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Homework:

?
?

P.276