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Networking Fundamentals
Chapter 12
Basic Switching and Switch
Configuration
Objectives
Explain the technology and media access control
method for Ethernet networks
Explain network segmentation and basic traffic
management concepts
Explain basic switching concepts and the operation
of Cisco switches
Perform and verify switch configuration tasks
Implement basic switch security
Ethernet Operations
Ethernet
A network access method (or media access
method) originated by the University of Hawaii, later
adopted by Xerox Corporation
And standardized as IEEE 802.3 in the early 1980s
Ethernet is:
Most pervasive network access method in use
Most commonly implemented media access method in
new LANs
CSMA/CD
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision
Detection (CSMA/CD)
Ethernet contention method
CSMA/CD (continued)
Collisions
Two stations could listen to the wire simultaneously
and not sense a carrier signal
Both stations might begin to transmit their data
simultaneously
Once a collision is detected, the first station to detect
the collision transmits a 32-bit jam signal
Tells all other stations not to transmit for a brief period
CSMA/CD (continued)
Collision domain
The physical area in which a packet collision might
occur
Routers, switches, bridges, and gateways segment
networks
And thus create separate collision domains
CSMA/CD (continued)
Broadcasts
Stations on a network broadcast packets to other
stations to make their presence known on the network
And to carry out normal network tasks
CSMA/CD (continued)
Broadcast storm
A sudden rush of network transmissions that causes
all other network communications to slow down
Due to the volume of data competing for access to the
same bandwidth on the communications medium
Latency
Latency, or propagation delay
The length of time that is required to forward, send, or
otherwise propagate a data frame
Latency differs depending on the resistance offered
by the transmission medium, the number of nodes
And in the case of a connectivity device, the amount of
processing that must be done on the packet
Transmission time
The amount of time it takes for a packet to be sent
from one device to another
CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals
Latency (continued)
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Latency (continued)
Bit time
Refers to the amount of time required to transmit one
data bit on a network
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Ethernet Errors
Frame size errors
Short frame or runt
Long frame or giant
Jabber
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Late collision
Occurs when two stations transmit more than 64 bytes
of data frames before detecting a collision
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Implementations
100Base-TX
100Base-T4
100Base-FX
CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals
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Gigabit Ethernet
Recent advances in technology have allowed us to
reach even higher speeds than those of Fast
Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet implementations
1000Base-TX (802.3ab)
1000Base-SX (802.3z)
1000Base-LX (802.3z)
1000Base-CX (802.3z)
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Auto
Full
Full-flow control
Half
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LAN Switching
Switches
Similar to bridges in several ways
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Switched bandwidth
Bandwidth is not shared as long as each workstation
connects to its own switch port
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Switch Operations
A switch learns the hardware address of devices to
which it is attached
By reading the source address of frames as they are
transmitted across the switch
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Asymmetric switching
Some switches can interconnect network interfaces of
different speeds
Symmetric switching
Switches that require all attached network interface
devices to use the same transmit/receive speed
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Switching Methods
All switches base frame-forwarding decisions on a
frames destination MAC address
The three main methods for processing and
forwarding frames are:
Cut-through, store-and-forward, and fragment-free
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Cut-Through Forwarding
Switches that use cut-through forwarding start
sending a frame immediately after reading the
destination MAC address into their buffers
The main benefit of cut-through forwarding is a
reduction in latency
The drawback is the potential for errors in the frame
that the switch would be unable to detect
Because the switch only reads a small portion of the
frame into its buffer
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Store-and-Forward Forwarding
Store-and-forward switches read the entire frame,
no matter how large, into their buffers before
forwarding
Because the switch reads the entire frame, it will not
forward frames with errors
The store-and-forward method has the highest
latency
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Store-and-Forward Forwarding
(continued)
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Fragment-Free Forwarding
Fragment-free forwarding represents an effort to
provide more error-reducing benefits than cutthrough switching
While keeping latency lower than does store-andforward switching
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IP on the Switch
By default, Cisco switches are not configured with
IP addresses
Generally speaking, a switch does not require an IP
address
Because switches operate mainly on Layer 2
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Summary
Ethernet (CSMA/CD) is a media access method
that was developed in the 1960s
Stations on an Ethernet LAN must listen to the
network media before transmitting to ensure that
no other station is currently transmitting
If two stations transmit simultaneously on the same
collision domain, a collision will occur
The transmitting stations must be able to recognize
the collision and ensure that other stations know
about it by transmitting a jam signal
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Summary (continued)
The delays caused by collisions on a network can
seriously affect performance when collisions exceed
5% of the traffic on the collision domain
Switches do the most to divide the collision domain
and reduce traffic without dividing the broadcast
domain
A switch microsegments unicast traffic
Another way to increase the speed at which a LAN
operates is to upgrade from Ethernet to Fast Ethernet
Full duplex can also improve Ethernet performance
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Summary (continued)
Full duplex allows frames to be sent and received
simultaneously
As with Fast Ethernet, full-duplex operations are only
supported by devices designed for this type of
communication
The two types of operating systems on Cisco
switches are IOS-based and set-based
Configuring a switch is similar to configuring a router
through the CLI
Switches can provide some level of security through
the use of port security commands
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