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Learning Objectives
Upon successful completion of subject, the
student should be able to do the following:
Define what is DNA and appreciate the
importance of its analysis in crime
investigation;
Describe types of trace and biological
evidence.
Define Transfer evidence.
Explain the importance of maintaining
the integrity of physical evidence.
Describe methods used to locate
evidence at a crime scene.
Learning Objectives
Describe the importance of scene
documentation in successful case
resolution.
Enumerate priorities for collecting
biological evidence.
Define situations that require control
and reference samples to be collected.
Describe equipment used when
collecting biological evidence.
Describe procedures used to collect,
mark and package wet and dry
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
DNA is your genetic blueprint.
You inherit it from your biological parents.
It codes for things like eye color, hair color,
stature, predisposition to some diseases and
many other human traits
SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION
DNA OVERVIEW
FROM THE WHOLE TO THE MICROSCOPIC PARTS
100 trillion
Number of Chromosomes
23 pairs
2 meters
3 billion base pairs
150 trillion m
150 billion m
Applications of DNA
Analysis
Criminal Investigations matching
suspect with
evidence
Parentage Testing -- identifying
parent(s)
Historical investigations
Missing persons investigations
Mass disasters positive
identification of the deceased
Military DNA dog tag
Convicted felon DNA
databases
Semen
Skin cells
Tissue
Organ
Mucus
Perspirati
on
Fingernail
s
Urine
Feces
Brain
Saliva
Muscles
Bone
Etc
Hair
Teeth
Body fluids
- blood
- semen
- saliva
- sweat
- urine
Bones
Facts on DNA
The same DNA is found in all cells
of the body.
The same DNA profile is
recovered, no matter what the
sample (cell) type.
Your DNA does not change
through your life.
Any cellular material left at a
crime scene may be a useful
source of DNA
Physical vs Biological
Evidence
Possible Location of
DNA evidence
Sources of DNA
Baseball bat or
similar weapon
Handle, end
Hat, bandanna,
mask
Inside
Facial tissue,
cotton swab
Surface area
Dirty laundry
Surface area
toothpick
Surface area
Saliva, blood
Through and
through bullet
Outside surface
Blood, tissue
eyeglasses
Sweat, skin
Possible Location of
DNA evidence
Sources of DNA
Used cigarette
Cigarette butt
Saliva
or envelop
Stamp
Licked area
Saliva
Tape or ligature
Skin, sweat
Bottle, can, or
glasses
Side, mouthpiece
Saliva, sweat,
Bite mark
saliva
Used condom
Inside/outside surface
Blanket, pillow,
sheet
Surface area
tissue
cigarette butt
fingernails
Broken window
Collection Priority
The first Priority are
trace materials and
evidence of a fragile
nature.
The second priority
would be to collect swabs
from handled items that
have been moved, are out
of place or do not belong
to the resident.
A third priority type of
evidence that may be at
the scene includes the
potentially lower-quality
biological evidence.
If DNA evidence
is not properly
documented,
collected,
packaged, and
preserved, it will
not meet the
legal and
scientific
requirements for
admissibility in a
court of law.
GENERAL GUIDELINES
Degradation of biological evidence is
most commonly caused by exposure to
moisture and heat, which encourages the
growth of bacteria.
This can lead to destruction of the DNA
and the possibility of incomplete or no DNA
typing results being obtained.
Non-traditional Locations of
DNA Evidence
A threatening letter was
sent to a newspaper
editor. The FBI Lab
sampled the envelope
flap and recovered
some cells (saliva) that
were then typed for
DNA. The profile from
the envelope flap was
compared to a known
suspects profile and
was found to match.
Non-traditional Location
Example: Saliva
In 1997, two women from Florida were
victims of sexual assault and robbery. One
year later, the police developed a suspect.
Plain-clothed police officers monitored the
suspect for months looking for clues that
would build their case. During surveillance,
the officers saw the suspect spit on the
street. One of the officers grabbed a napkin
and collected the spittle. The saliva, which
contained cells, provided enough DNA
evidence to charge the man with the two
attacks.
Non-traditional Location
Example: Gunshot
A suspect in the violent robbery of a shop owner.
While the owner of the shop shot at the suspect in
self-defense, the bullet from his gun went through
the body of the assailant and lodged into a wall.
When the ballistics team evaluated the projectile,
they discovered traces of blood on its surface.
Upon DNA analysis, the blood on the projectile
recovered from the crime scene was proved to be
that of the suspect, who previously claimed he
knew nothing of the incident.
Personal protection
BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS CAN
CONTAIN PATHOGENS SUCH AS:
Hepatitis
Syphilis
TB
Gonorrhea
Measles
HIV
NOTE: Assume that all stains, wet or dry, are
infectious!
Buccal Swab
Cigarette Butts
Select only the cigarette butts that
may be of evidentiary value as a
secondary reference sample.
Insure that the cigarette butts are
thoroughly air dried before packaging.
Do NOT handle with your bare fingers.
Do NOT include the ashes.
Special Situations
Procedures for collecting
wet stains on absorbent
substances are as
follows:
1. Scoop a thin layer
of soil (or sand).
2. Allow to
thoroughly air-dry.
Special Situations
For Liquid Containers:
1. Empty liquid containers by poking a
hole in the bottom to avoid liquid
contact with the mouth area.
2. Request test for both DNA and latent
fingerprints.
3. Mark aluminum cans for "Room
Temperature Storage," as cold or frozen
storage causes condensation on metal,
which may dilute biological evidence.
4. Package in bindle paper.
HANDLING OF BIOLOGICAL
EVIDENCE FOR DNA
EXAMINATION
CHAIN OF CUSTODY
Record of individuals
who have had physical
possession of
the evidence.
Note: Integrity of chain
of custody
The fewer people
handling the evidence,
the better, the lesser
chance of contamination
and a shorter chain of
custody for court
admissibility hearings.
SEAL
To maintain integrity of the
specimen; to further prove that
no tampering took placed.
MARKINGS on the
specimen
These are information to ensure that the
items can be identified by the collect
anytime in the future.
This precaution will help immeasurably
to established the credibility of the
collectors report or testimony and will
effectively avoid any suggestions that the
item has been misidentified.
Questioned
blood stain
a. Exhibits
b. Initials and or
signature of the
collecting officer.
Integrity seal
Initial/Signat
ure of the
Collecting
Officer/who
did the
packaging
Turned-over
b y:
Received by
:
Improvise
d manner
of
Packaging
Integrity seal
(Scotch tape)
Initial/Signature
of the Collecting
Officer/who did
the packaging
Exhibit/Case
Nr.
Date of
Collection
Description of
specimen
enclosed
Other
information
GUIDELINES FOR
LETTER REQUEST
LIMITATIONS
LIMITATIONS
LIMITATIONS
Environmental factors such as heat,
bacteria and mold can destroy DNA
evidence.
CASE STUDY
Case no.1: Paternity
Facts of the case: A wealthy old man died of natural
causes. No last will and testament was ever recorded by
him. He had one (1) legitimate child and two (2)
illegitimate children. To settle things, his three (3) closest
friends asked the services of the DNA-lab to retrieve
specimens from the old man for future references.
Question: What the purpose of asking the services of the
laboratory?
Answer: His three (3) closest friends blackmailed the
legitimate child into giving them 1/3 of the old mans
wealth or they will go public.
Php 200,000,000.00+++
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