Cell Planning Principles

CELL PLANNING PRINCIPLES
Communications, Inc.
Cell Planning Principles Course Outline:

GSM System Review
GSM Overview
Radio Waves
Modulation
Interference
Traffic Theory
Cell Planning Process
Nominal Cell Plan
System design
Installation
System Tuning
GSM System Review
GSM - Global System for Mobile Communications

Other cellular technologies:
AMPS
CDMA
D-AMPS
DCS1800
NMT
PCS
PDC
TACS
- Advanced Mobile Phone System

- Code Division Multiple Access
- Digital AMPS / or TDMA / or IS-54
- Digital Communications System 1800
- Nordic Mobile Telephone
- Personal Communications System
- Personal Digital Cellular
- Total Access Communications System
GSM System Review
THE DIFFERENT GSM BASED NETWORKS
Network Type
Frequency Band Uplink/Downlink
GSM900
GSM1800
GSM1900
890-915
935-960 MHz
1710-1785 1805-1880 MHz
1850-1910 1930-1990 MHz
GSM System Review
GENERIC CELLULAR
SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
T1 leased lines
or
Microwave link
PSTN
MTSO
Cell Site
Mobile
PLMN/CMTS
GSM System Review
GSM Network
Base Station
Subsystem
Network Switching
Subsystem
Gateway MSC
Base
Transceiver
Station
A-bis
Interface
Visitor
Locatio
n
Registe
r
Mobile Switching Center
Home Location
Register
Air Interface
A Interface
Mobile
Station
6
Base Station
Controller
Network
Management
Subsystem
Short
Message
Service
Center
GSM System Review

AIR INTERFACE
Frequency Allocation
Radio Channel
DOWNLINK
935 - 960 MHz
UPLINK
890-915 MHz
Mobile
Cell Site
Air Interface
GSM System Review
Lower Frequency for UPLINK?
Save power for MS

Lower frequency is penetrating
(analogy to disco sound)
GSM System Review

FREQUENCY SPECTRUM
CMTS Operators in the Philippines
UPLINK
824
835
Piltel
845
890
Extelcom
897.5
Globe
905
Smart
915
Islacom
DOWNLINK
869
880
Piltel
890
Extelcom
Smarts GSM900
935
Globe
942.5
950
Smart
960
Islacom
Standard GSM900 Frequency

Allocation 890-915/935-960
GSM System Review

CHANNEL CONCEPT (P-GSM900)
890.2
880
890
915
E-GSM900
925
935
960
E-GSM900
UPLINK
DOWNLINK
25 MHz BW
CARRIER SEPARATION = 200 KHz
This separation is needed to reduce interference from one carrier to
another neighboring frequency.
The first carrier starts at 890.2 MHz.
10
GSM System Review

DUPLEX DISTANCE
880
890
915
925
935
960
DOWNLINK
UPLINK
DUPLEX DISTANCE
45 MHz
The distance between the uplink and the downlink frequencies

is known as DUPLEX DISTANCE.
11
Standard
GSM900
GSM1800GSM1900
Duplex Distance
45 MHz
95 MHz
80 MHz
GSM System Review
LOGICAL CHANNELS
On every physical channel, a number of

logical channels are mapped. Each logical
channel is used for a specific purpose.
11 Logical Channels in the GSM system:
2 are used for Traffic
9 are used for Control Signaling
12
GSM System Review

LOGICAL CHANNELS
TRAFFIC CHANNELS (TCH)
Full Rate Channel
Half Rate Channel
CONTROL CHANNELS (with horrible abbreviations!)
Broadcast Channels (BCH)
Frequency Correction Channel (FCCH)
Synchronization Channel (SCH)
Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)
Common Control Channels (CCCH)
Paging Channel (PCH)
Random Access Channel (RACH)
Access Grant Channel (AGCH)
Dedicated Control Channels (DCCH)
Stand alone Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH)
Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH)
Fast Associated Control Channel (FACCH)
13
GSM System Review

Hey. Im a
GSM xmitter!
BROADCAST CHANNELS
all downlink!
GSM?
FCCH
GSM!!!
SCH TDMA#BSIC...
BCCH
LAneigborscell infomax power...
Hey! Dont shout
at me, lower your
power...
14
Okok
GSM System Review

COMMON CONTROL CHANNELS
Hello! You have a call.
PCH downlink only
Hello! I have to set

up a call.
I need SDCCH.
RACH uplink only
AGCH downlink only
Ok. Use SDCCH.

15
GSM System Review
DEDICATED CONTROL CHANNELS

uplink and downlink
SDCCH
SACCH
timing advance
MS power
On SDCCH:
-call set up signaling
-location updating
-periodic registration
-IMSI attach/detach
-SMS
-facsimile
etc..
On SACCH
-mobile transmits signal
strength on ncell quality
FACCH
handover
16
Dont shout at
me.
I cant hear you
little butt.
GSM System Review

ACCESS METHODS
FDMA
Frequency Division
CDMA
Code Division
TDMA
Time Division
f1
f2
f3
TDMA is used
in GSM system
17
GSM System Review

FRAME STRUCTURE
1 TDMA Frame = 8 TDMA Time Slots
4.615 ms
Basic TDMA frame, timeslot and burst structure
Tail
000
3
Data
57
Flag
F Training
1
26
Data
Or Speech
1
57
Tail
3
Burst 148 bits

156.25 bits 0.577 ms
18
GSM System Review

RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION
z
E
y
H
Direction of Travel
x
H = Magnetic Field
E = Electric Field
19
An Electromagnetic Plane Wave

Frozen in Time
GSM System Review
Two important features of the electromagnetic

wave are worth noting:
1. it is a transverse wave
2. it requires no medium for its transmission
20
GSM System Review

RADIO FREQUENCY SPECTRUM
21
FREQUENCY
CLASSIFICATION
DESIGNATION
3-30 Hz
30-300 Hz
300-3000 Hz
3-30 KHz
30-300 KHz
300-3000 KHz
3-30 MHz
30-300 MHz
300-3000 MHz
3-30 GHz
30-300 GHz
300-3000 GHz
Extremely Low Frequency

Voice Frequency
Very Low Frequency
Low Frequency
Medium Frequency
High Frequency
Very High Frequency
Ultra High Frequency
Super High Frequency
Extremely High Frequency
ELF
VF
VLF
LF
MF
HF
VHF
UHF
SHF
EHF
Cellular
Spectrum!
GSM System Review
GENERATION OF RADIO WAVES
freq
freq
22
transmitting antenna
GSM System Review

TRANSMITTING ANTENNA
1. Reference Antennas
- Isotropic (exists as a mathematical concept)
- Half-Wave Dipole
2. Practical Antennas
- all practical antennas exhibit some degree of
directivity.
23
GSM System Review

dBi vs dBd
dBi is a unit to measure antenna gain
in reference to an isotropic antenna.
An isotropic antenna has a power gain
of unity; i.e., O dBi.
dBd is a unit to measure antenna gain in
reference to a lossless half-wave dipole
antenna. A lossless half-wave dipole
antenna has a power gain of 0 dBd.
CONVERSION FACTOR:
dBi = dBd + 2.15 dB
24
GSM System Review

BEAMWIDTH
maximum gain
-3 dB
antenna lobe
BEAMWIDTH
main direction
maximum gain
-3 dB
25
Beamwidth, B, is defined as the opening angle between the points

where the radiated power is 3 dB lower than in the main direction.
Both the horizontal and the vertical beamwidths are found using the
3 dB down points, alternatively referred to as the half-power points.
GSM System Review
Modulation???
SUPERIMPOSING INFORMATION
ON RADIO WAVES
26
GSM System Review
The modulation technique used in

GSM is called
Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK).
- narrowband digital modulation technique.
- based on phase shifting.
...narrowing the bandwidth

of the modulated carrier...
27
GSM System Review

RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION AND THE
PATHLOSS CONCEPT
transmitter/
emitter
(receiver)
transmission loss!!!
absorption
refraction
reflection
diffraction
scattering effect
receiver
(transmitter/
emitter)
Factors that affect the wave propagation...

28
GSM System Review

PATHLOSS CONCEPT
transmitter/
emitter
(receiver)
In free space, an electromagnetic

wave travels indefinitely if unimpeded.
absorption
refraction
reflection
diffraction
scattering effect
receiver
(transmitter/
emitter)
Assume a simple model

isotropic antenna in free space
propagation...
29
GSM System Review

PATHLOSS CONCEPT
transmitter/
emitter
(receiver)
Free Space Model:

Lp = 20 log (4*pi*d)/lambda
From the free space model, the most

important features of radio wave
propagation are:
1. the received power decreases when the
distance between the antennas increases.
2. transmission loss increase when the
wavelength decrease (or alternatively
when the frequency increase).
30
receiver
(transmitter/
emitter)
GSM System Review

SIGNAL VARIATIONS
FADINGS
INTERFERENCE
31
GSM System Review

FADINGS
signal level (dB)
log normal fading
local mean value
slow fading
shadowing
long-term fading
rayleigh fading
fast fading
short-term fading
so many names
to make life
worst!
global mean value
log (distance)
32
GSM System Review
signal level (dB)
FAST FADING
present due to the fact that the mobile antenna is lower

than the surrounding structures such as trees and buildings.
peak-to-peak distance is ~ lambda/2 (in GSM ~ 17 cm)
affects the signal quality and can lead to signal level below
the receiver sensitivity.
SOLUTIONS:
use more power at the transmitter (providing a fading
margin).
use space diversity.
log (distance)
33
GSM System Review
signal level (dB)
SLOW FADING
if we smooth out the fast fading, the signal variation
received is called the local mean or the slow fading.
caused by obstructions near the mobile such as
buildings, bridges and trees and this may cause a rapid
change of the local mean (in the range of 5 to 50 meters).
because slow fading reduces the average strength
received, the total coverage from the transmitter is reduced.
SOLUTION:
fading margin must be used.
log (distance)
34
GSM System Review

INTERFERENCE
co-channel interference
adjacent channel interference
Co-channel interference is the term used for the interference in a cell
by carriers with the same frequency present in other cells.
Adjacent carrier frequencies, i.e. frequencies shifted +/- 200 kHz with
respect to the carrier, can not be allowed to have too strong signal
strengths either. Even though they are at different frequencies, part
of the signal can interfere with the wanted carriers signal and cause
quality problems.
wanted carrier
adjacent
carrier
f1
35
co-channel
f1
GSM System Review

dB
Carrier, f1
CO-CHANNEL INTERFERENCE
Interferer, f1
C/I > 0 dB
C
I
GSM Specification: C/I => 9 dB
Ericsson Planning Criterion:
C/I => 12 dB (without frequency hopping)
C/I => 9 dB (with frequency hopping)
36
distance
dB
ADJACENT CHANNEL INTERFERENCE

Adjacent, f2
Carrier, f1
f2=f1 +/- 200 kHz
C
C/A< 0 dB
GSM Specification: C/A > -9 dB

since we could not cell plan a negative value
Ericsson Planning Criterion:
C/A > 3 dB
37
distance
GSM System Review

InterSymbol Interference
caused by excessive time dispersion.
it may be present in all cell re-use pattern.
it can be thought of as a co-channel interference.
in this case, the interferer is a time delayed reflection
of the wanted carrier.
GSM specification: C/R > 9 dB
however, if the time delay is smaller than 15
microseconds, i.e. 4 bits or approximately 4.4 km, the
equalizer can solve the problem.
D2
D1
D0
38
GSM System Review

TRAFFIC THEORY
Traffic and Channel Dimensioning
Traffic theory attempts to obtain useful estimates of the number
of channels needed in a cell...
= HOW MANY CUSTOMERS?
= HOW LONG WILL THEY TALK?
= WHEN?
FACTORS AFFECTING THE CELLULAR SYSTEM CAPACITY:
The number of channels available for voice and/or data.
The amount of traffic the subscribers are generating.
The grade of service the subscribers are encountering in the system
39
GSM System Review
The number of channels available for voice and/or data.
Assume 1 cell has 2 carriers:

2 x 8 - 2 = 14
14 traffic channels
2 physical channels are
needed for signaling
40

What is traffic?
the usage of channels
holding time per time unit
the number of call hours per hour
measured in the unit Erlang (E)
41

1 Erlang = 1 call that last 1 hour!
...studies show that the average
traffic per subscriber during the
busy hour is typically 15 - 20 mE...
Typical actual values:

Philippines (Smart E-TACS)
7 mE/subscriber - Metro Manila
8 mE/subscriber - Provincial
Malaysia and Sweden
25 mE/subscriber
42
GSM System Review

visualize 15 mE !
1E
= 1 hour of use
15 mE = ? hour of use
15 mE / 1 E = 0.015
~ 1.5% of 60 min = 0.9 min x 60 sec
15 mE = 54 seconds of use
43
GSM System Review
The grade of service the subscribers are encountering in the system.

How much traffic
can one cell carry?
That depends on the number of
traffic channels and the acceptable
probability that the system is
congested, the so called
Grade of Service (GoS)...
44
GSM System Review
Grade of Service
is the
Grade of NO SERVICE !
- unsuccessful call set-up
- GoS = 2% means
98% can make a call
2% blocking probability
45
GSM System Review
Erlangs B-Model - loss system

no queues
number of subscribers much higher than number of traffic channels
no dedicated (reserved) traffic channels
Poisson distributed (random) traffic
blocked calls abandon the call attempt immediately
Alien !!!
46
GSM System Review
Erlangs B-Model relates:

number of traffic channels, n
the GoS
the traffic offered, A
Example:
2 carriers
14 TCH
GoS = 2%
from the Erlang Table...
Traffic Offered, A = 8.2003 Erlangs
47
GSM System Review

In GSM, a call goes through two different devices.
TCH & SDCCH
SDCCH
48
SDCCH procedures:
location updating
periodic registration
IMSI attach
IMSI detach
call setup
SMS (Short Message Services)
facsimile
other supplementary services
TCH
GSM System Review

CHANNEL UTILIZATION (EFFICIENCY)
VS
49
GSM System Review
CHANNEL UTILIZATION (EFFICIENCY)
To calculate the channel utilization, the

traffic offered is reduced by the GoS (yielding
the traffic served), and dividing that value
by the number of channels.
Traffic Offered - GoS (Traffic Offered)

Channel Utilization =
Number of Channels
VS
50
Cell Planning Principles Course Outline:

GSM System Review
GSM Overview
Radio Waves
Modulation
Interference
Traffic Theory
Cell Planning Process
51
Nominal Cell Plan
System design
Installation
System Tuning
CELL PLANNING PROCESS
System Growth
Initial Planning
Traffic and Coverage Analysis
TRAFFIC DATA
TRAFFIC DATA
System Tuning
Nominal Cell Plan
Surveys
Implementation
System Design
52
System Growth
Initial Planning

continually evaluated to
geographical area.
determine how well it meets
expected need of
the demand.
TRAFFIC DATA
TRAFFIC DATA
capacity.
System Tuning
Nominal Cell Plan
cell pattern on a map.

coverage & interference
prediction.
Surveys
Implementation
system
installation,
commissioning
and testing are performed.
53
System Design
dimensioning of the
rbs equipment, BSC & MSC.
CDD is filled out.
visit sites where

radio equipment
will be placed.
perform radio
measurements.

SYSTEM BALANCE
Objectives of System Balancing
(Simple Link Budget Analysis)
to estimate the maximum allowable path loss
to compute the required BS transmitter power
for a balanced path
to estimate the coverage design threshold
to evaluate technology performance
54
SYSTEM BALANCE
PinBTS
BTSsens
55

WHY BALANCED PATH?
UPLINK LIMITED:
BS does not
hear the MS
Strong Signal
MS hears the BS
Weak Signal
DOWNLINK LIMITED:
BS hears the MS
Weak Signal
56
MS does not
hear the BS
Strong Signal

HOW TO BALANCE PATH?
Coverage in a two-way radio communication system is decided
by the weakest transmission direction.
Assume
Uplink
Limited
Balance Path
Compute BS
Tx Power Output
Path Loss in Uplink = Path Loss in Downlink

Balanced Path:
57

Schematics of the Components
Included in a System Balance
GaBTS
PoutBTS
Tx
LcBTS
LfBTS
Combiner
Feeder
PinBTS
Rx
GdBTS
LfBTS
Receiver
Divider
Lp
GaMS
Lp
GaBTS
Feeder
Feeder
Feeder
Tx
PoutMS
58
LfMS
Rx
PinMS

EFFECTIVE RADIATED POWER
ERP vs EiRP
ERP (Effective Radiated Power): is the radiated power (transmit power
times antenna gain) with respect to a dipole antenna within a given
geographic area.
EiRP (Effective Isotropic Radiated Power): is the radiated power from
an isotropic antenna.
EiRP = ERP + 2.15 (dB)

EiRP
Lp
59
SSdesign
CHANNEL PLANNING
The simplest solution to a
cell planning problem is to
have one cell and use all
available carriers in that
cell.
1 cell
24 carriers
f1 - f24
60
CELL PLANNING
A cellular system is based
upon re-use of the same set
of carriers, which is obtained
by dividing the area needing
coverage into smaller areas
(cells) which together form
clusters.
f1
f1
24
24
24
f1
f1
24
61

RE-USE PATTERNS
Re-using the carrier frequencies according to well-proven
re-use patterns , neither co-channel interference nor
adjacent channel interference should become a problem,
if the cells have homogenous propagation properties for
the radio waves.
The re-use patterns recommended
for GSM are:
4/12 pattern
3/9 pattern
4/12 means that there are 4 three
sector sites supporting 12 cells
62

4/12 RE-USE PATTERN
B1
B1
D3
B2
B3
D3
B2
B3
D3
C1
D2
D1
C1
D2
D1
C1
D2
D1
C2
C3
A1
C2
C3
A1
C2
C3
A1
B1
A2
A3
B1
A2
A3
B1
A2
A3
B2
B3
D3
B2
B3
D3
B2
B3
D2
D1
C1
D2
D1
63

3/9 RE-USE PATTERN
C1
C1
C1
B1
C2
C3
B1
C2
C3
B1
C2
C3
B2
B3
A1
B2
B3
A1
B2
B3
A1
A2
A3
C1
A2
A3
C1
A2
A3
B1
C2
C3
B1
C2
C3
B2
B3
A1
B2
B3
A1
A2
A3
A2
A3
64
As an example, suppose that one operator has been given

5 MHz of bandwidth and distributes the carriers over nine cells, it
can look like:
Channel
Groups
A1
B1
C1
A2
B2
C2
A3
B3
C3
512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520

RF
521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529
Channels 530 531 532 533 534 535
Frequencies in the 3/9 cell plan.
The Absolute Radio Frequency numbers (ARF) given here correspond
to the frequency interval 1710 - 1715 MHz in GSM1800. Note that the
adjacent cells A1 and A3 also have adjacent frequencies 200 KHz
apart =
f(ARFCN) = 1710.2 + 0.2(ARFCN-512)
65

TRANSITION REGIONS
A uniform re-use pattern implies a constant traffic
density over the networks coverage area.
In practice, however, traffic density varies
considerably over the area (and during the day). This
means it is common that cells of different sizes are
used in different parts of the system.
Small cells in high traffic areas
(normally urban), and large cells
in areas with lower traffic.
66

NCC & BCC
Network Color Code and Base Station Color Code
The Base Station Identity Code (BSIC) is composed of two entities:
Network Color Code (NCC)
BTS Color Code (BCC)
Country A
NCC=1
67
f1
The use of NCC in two countries
Country B
f1
NCC=2
B2
B1
C2
NCC & BCC

B3
Network
Color Code and Base Station Color Code
B1
A1
C1
C2
B2
B1
C2
B2
C3
B3
A2
A1
C1
B1
protection against
co-channel interference
within the PLMN.
The MS reports the BCC
value so that the BSC can
distinguish among
different cells transmitting
on the same frequency.
A3
A2
A1
C1
68
B3
A3
C3
C2
B2
A2
A1
C1
A2
A3
C3
B3
A1
C1
B1
BCC is used for
B3
A3
C3
C2
B2
A2
C3
A3

PROPAGATION PREDICTIONS
The Definition of Coverage
An area is covered if in 90 (95-99) percent
of that area the signal received by the mobile
station is larger than some design value, for
example -90 dBm, i.e. SSdesign = -90 dBm.
That is, PinMS => SSdesign
The signal strength requirement is estimated by
adding margins to the MS receiver sensitivity.
These are:
fast and slow fading margins
margins for body loss
margins for in-car & indoor coverage
The margins depend on the type of environment and
operator requirments.
69

PROPAGATION PREDICTIONS
Predict the Path Loss
It is very important to be able to estimate the signal
strength in all parts of the area to be covered. That is,
to predict the path loss.
Propagation Models:
Free Space Model
Flat Conductive Earth Model
Knife Edge Diffraction Model
Okumura-Hata Model
Ericssons Modified Okumura-Hata Model
Ericssons Algorithm 9999 Model
Cost 231-Walfish-Ikegami Model
etc...
70

FLAT CONDUCTIVE EARTH
h1
h2
Base
Mobile
assumption: h1*h2 <<< wavelength* d
L = 20 log [ d2 / (h1*h2)]
71

KNIFE EDGE DIFFRACTION
h
RX
TX
d2
d1
v=h
72
2 (d1+d2)
d1d2
We can contend ourselves

with expressing additional
attenuation, caused by these
so called knife edges in
a diagram. The additional
attenuation is read of as a
function of the parameter v.
SEMI-EMPIRICAL MODELS
OKUMURA-HATA MODEL
Lp(urban) = 69.55+ 26.16logf - 13.82loghb +
(44.9 - 6.55loghb)logd - a(hm)
where
Lp
= Path Loss in dB
a(hm)
= (1.1logf - 0.7)hm - (1.56logf - 0.8)
f
= carrier frequency in MHz (150-1000 MHz)
hb
= the base station antenna height in meter (30-200m)
d
= distance in km from the base station (1-20 km)
hm
= mobile antenna height in meter above ground (1-10m)
73
SEMI-EMPIRICAL MODELS
ERICSSONs MODIFIED OKUMURA-HATA MODEL

Lp = A - 13.82loghb + (44.9 - 6.55loghb)logd - a(hm)
where
Lp
a(hm)
= Path Loss in dB
= 3.2(log 11.75 hm)2 - 4.97
and
Urban Areas
: A(900) = 146.8 and A(1800) = 153.8
Suburban Areas : A(900) = 136.9 and A (1800) = 146.2
Open Areas
: A(900) = 118.3 and A (1800) = 124.3
74
OTHER SEMI-EMPIRICAL MODELS

ALGORITHM 9999 - prediction model used
by Ericsson (valid between 0.2 - 100 km) is based on ideas
similar to Hatas.
COST231-HATA - for GSM1900 (1500-2000 MHz)
COST231-WALFISH-IKEGAMI - valid
between 0.02 - 5 km. Used in urban areas because it uses
street orientation, building heights, building separations
and road widths.
ALGORITHM 9999 and Cost231-WalfishIkegami Models are supported by EET.

75
System Growth
Initial Planning
TRAFFIC DATA
TRAFFIC DATA
System Tuning
Nominal Cell Plan
Surveys
Implementation
System Design
Based on ERICSSON
76

RADIO NETWORK SURVEY
Basic Considerations:
Position relative to nominal grid
Space for antennas
Antenna separations
Nearby obstacles
Space for radio equipment
Power supply / battery backup
Transmission link
Service area study
Contract with owner
77

SPACE FOR ANTENNAS
PLANNING CRITERIA
The predicted antenna height should be used as a guideline. The
original predictions can be used with sufficient accuracy if space
for antennas can be found within an acceptable distance from the
predicted height. A deviation of maximum 15% is required.
If it is possible to install antennas at a higher position than the
predicted position, the operator must ensure that there is no risk
for co-channel interference.
If the antennas are to be installed at a lower position than
predicted, new predictions must be carried out based on this
position.
78

ANTENNA SEPARATIONS
PLANNING CRITERIA
SPACE DIVERSITY
Horizontal separation is normally more efficient compared to
vertical separation. The planning criterion specifies making a
horizontal separation equal to or more than 10% of the effective
antenna height.
Horizontal Separation
= 4 meters (900 MHz)
= 2-3 meters (1800-1900 MHz)
Vertical separation requires approximately 5 x the
horizontal value in order to get the same diversity gain.
ISOLATION
In order to avoid disturbance due to intermodulation, the
transmit and receive parts of the base station must be isolated.
Tx-Rx = 30 dB
Tx-Tx = 30 dB
Horizontal Separation
= 0.4 meter (900 MHz, 65 deg BW)
Vertical Separation
= 0.2 meter (900 MHz, 65 deg BW)
79

NEARBY OBSTACLES
PLANNING CRITERIA
If optimal coverage is required, it is necessary to have the antennas
free for the nearest 50 -100 m. The first fresnel zone is approximately
5 meters at this distance (for 900 MHz). This means the lower part
of the antenna system has to be 5 meters above the surroundings.
50 - 100 m
5 meters
80
SITE EQUIPMENT
BSC
site equipment
BTS
Base Station System (BSS)
The BSS consists of a Base Station Controller (BSC) with a number

of base stations connected to it. The BSS is mainly responsible for
all radio related functions in the system. In the GSM specifications, the
detonation BTS (Base Transceiver Station) is used for the base station.
81
SITE REQUIREMENTS
Permits
Access Roads
Material Transport
and Storage
Space Requirements
Antenna Support
Structures
AC Mains Supply
Transmission Access
Antenna Feeder Routes
82

BTS EQUIPMENT
Ericsson
Nokia
Nortel
Lucent
Motorola
Alcatel
83

COMBINERS
Combiners are needed to enable more than
one transmitter to be connected to one
common transmitting antenna.
In GSM, two different TX combiners can be
used
FILTER COMBINER
HYBRID COMBINER
transmitter 1
transmitter 2
transmitter 3
combiner
transmitter n
84

SENSITIVITY
Base Station
Without ALNA
RX ref point 2
BTS
cabinet
System
GSM900
GSM1800 with ALNA
GSM1800 w/o ALNA
With ALNA
RX ref point 1
Feeder & Jumpers

Cell Planning
Sensitivity
- 107 dBm
- 109 dBm
- 106 dBm
ALNA
Worst Case
Sensitivity
- 105 dBm
- 107 dBm
- 104 dBm
Base station receiver sensitivity

Valid for both Ericssons RBS2000 and RBS200/205
Micro Base Station: Cell Planning Power = 1.6W, 32 dBm
Worst Case Sensitivity = - 104 dBm
85

SENSITIVITY
Mobile Station Power Classes
System
GSM900
GSM900
GSM900
GSM900
GSM18001
GSM18002
MS Power
Cell Planning
Class
Power
2
39 dBm (8W)
3
37 dBm (5W)
4 (handheld)
33 dBm (2W)
5 (handheld)
29 dBm (0.8W)
30 dBm (1W)
28 dBm
24 dBm (0.25W)
22 dBm
Worst Case
Power
37 dBm
35 dBm
31 dBm
27 dBm
Mobile Station Reference Sensitivity

System
MS Type Cell Planning

Worst Case
Sensitivity
Sensitivity
GSM900
Handheld
- 104 dBm
- 102 dBm
GSM900
All other types
- 106 dBm
- 104 dBm
GSM1800Handheld
- 102 dBm
- 100 dBm
No loss or antenna gain should be used for the MSs.
MS antenna gain: 0 dBi
86

Antenna Diversity
There is a need for receiver diversity in cellular systems
to improve the uplink.
Space Diversity
dd
Horizontal Separation, dd
Common
TX/RX
Antenna
for diversity = 12-18 (wavelength)

for isolation = 30 dB = 2 (wavelength)
[antennas with 65 degrees beamwidth,
all gain values]
TX1/RXA
TX1/RXA
BTS Equipment
87

Antenna Diversity
Polarization Diversity using dual-polarized antennas
vertical
array
horizontal
array
+45
degrees
- 45
degrees
antenna
housing
connectors
88
feeders
vertical + horizontal polarization
+/- 45 degrees polarization

Antenna Diversity
Polarization Diversity using dual-polarized antennas
Required isolation >30 dB between

the two antenna parts...
1.5 dB downlink loss
TX1/RXA
89
TX1/RXA

Antenna Diversity
SPACE DIVERSITY
VS
POLARIZATION DIVERSITY
90

ANTENNA TILT
When the antenna is mounted vertically,

the main lobe of the antenna radiation
pattern will follow a horizontal line
starting at the center point of the antenna.
91

ANTENNA TILT
For reasons, such as co-channel interference

and time dispersion problems, it can be interesting
to tilt the antenna, and let the main lobe point
a few degrees downward.
92
System Growth
Initial Planning
TRAFFIC DATA
TRAFFIC DATA
System Tuning
Nominal Cell Plan
Surveys
Implementation
System Design
Based on ERICSSON
93

Macrocell Characteristics
Provides cellular coverage to Urban and Rural areas
Has large coverage area and high capacity
Provide good outdoor coverage but limited indoor coverage
Requires high location for antennas, usually mounted on tower or
rooftop of the building.
Macrocell Benefits
Provides large coverage area
Provides large capacity

Better signal reception and voice quality
Less call dropout
Better overall network quality
94

Macrocell Concept
95

Installation Requirement
Bldg. Sites
Radio Room Space (min. 3.0 m x 3.0 m)
Base Station Equipment
Power Equipment
Transmission Equipment
Antenna Space (rooftop)
Cellular Panel/Omni Antennas
Parabolic Transmission Antenna
Cable Routing
Coaxial Cable
Transmission Cable
Lot Sites
min. 20 m x 15 m space requirement
96

Sample Site Layout
97

Sample Equipment Room Layout
98

Sample Installations
Antenna
80 ft. Monopole Tower
Equipment Van
99

Sample Installations
Antenna
200 ft. Self-support Tower
Equipment Shelter
100
System Growth
Initial Planning
TRAFFIC DATA
TRAFFIC DATA
System Tuning
Nominal Cell Plan
Surveys
Implementation
System Design
Based on ERICSSON
101

SYSTEM TUNING
Prediction Tools
Network Dimensioning
Frequency Planning
Predicting
Tools
others
Nokias NMS/X
Nortels PlaNET
etc
102

SYSTEM TUNING
Drivetest Equipment
Ericssons Test Mobile System (TEMS)
MS
GPS
PC
103

SYSTEM TUNING
SYSTEM GROWTH
Increase the frequency band (e.g. a GSM900
operator might buy a GSM1800 licenses)
Implement half-rate
Tighter frequency re-use (e.g. going from a
4/12 re-use pattern to a 3/9 re-use pattern by
implementing frequency hopping)
Make the cells smaller and smaller
104

CELL SPLIT Phase 0
105

CELL SPLIT Phase 1
106

CELL SPLIT Phase 2 (1:3)
107

CELL SPLIT Phase 2 (1:4)
108

SYSTEM TUNING
QUALITY MEASURES:
Capacity
Quality in terms of traffic capacity, as measured in number of
subscribers per square kilometer.
Subscriber service quality
Quality as perceived by the subscribers. Examples are call setup
success rate and number of dropped calls.
Network service quality
Quality as perceived by the network operator. Examples are features
that can be used to simplify dimensioning of the radio resources,
and features that aid in operation and management of the radio
network.
109

Cell Planning Principles

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Cell Planning Principles

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CELL PLANNING PRINCIPLES

Cell Planning Principles Course Outline:

Cell Planning Process

Nominal Cell Plan

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Save power for MS

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Burst 148 bits

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