Chapter 4 Material Behavior

Linear Elastic Solids

Linear Elastic Constitutive
Solid Model
Develop Force-Deformation Constitutive
Equation in the Form of Stress-Strain
Relations Under the Assumptions:

Solid Recovers Original Configuration When

Loads Are Removed
Linear Relation Between Stress and Strain
Neglect Rate and History Dependent Behavior
Include Only Mechanical Loadings
Theory,
Elasticity
ApplicationsElectrical,
and Numerics
Thermal,
Pore-Pressure, and Other
M.H. Sadd , University
of Rhode Island
Loadings
Can Also Be Included As Special Cases

Typical One-Dimensional Stress-Strain

Behavior

Steel
Cast Iron

Tensile Sample

Aluminum

Applicable Region for

Linear Elastic Behavior

Elasticity

Theory, Applications and Numerics

M.H. Sadd , University of Rhode Island

=E

Linear Elastic Material Model

Generalized Hookes Law
x C11e x C12 e y C13ez 2C14 e xy 2C15e yz 2C16e zx
y C 21e x C 22 e y C 23e z 2C 24 e xy 2C 25e yz 2C 26e zx
z C31e x C32 e y C33e z 2C34 e xy 2C35e yz 2C36e zx
xy C 41e x C 42 e y C 43e z 2C 44 e xy 2C 45e yz 2C 46e zx
yz C51e x C52 e y C53e z 2C54 e xy 2C55e yz 2C56e zx
zx C61e x C62 e y C63e z 2C64 e xy 2C65e yz 2C66e zx
x

y

C11
C
21

C12

xy
yz

zx

C61

or

Elasticity

C16











C66

Theory, Applications and Numerics

M.H. Sadd , University of Rhode Island

ij Cijkl ekl
with

Cijkl C jikl
Cijkl Cijlk

ex
ey

ez

36 Independent
Elastic Constants

2e xy
2e yz

2e zx

Anisotropy and Nonhomogeneity

Anisotropy

Differences in material properties under different directions.

Materials like wood, crystalline minerals, fiber-reinforced composites have such behavior.

Typical Wood
Structure

(Body-Centered
Crystal)

(Hexagonal
Crystal)

Note Particular Material Symmetries Indicated by the Arrows

(Fiber Reinforced
Composite)

Nonhomogeneity -

Spatial differences in material properties. Soil materials in the

earth vary with depth, and new functionally graded materials (FGMs) are now being developed
with deliberate spatial variation in elastic properties to produce desirable behaviors.

Gradation Direction

Elasticity

Theory, Applications and Numerics

M.H. Sadd , University of Rhode Island

Isotropic Materials
Although many materials exhibit non-homogeneous and
anisotropic behavior, we will primarily restrict our
study to isotropic solids. For this case, material
response is independent of coordinate rotation
Cijkl Qim Q jn Qkp Qlq Cmnpq

ij Cijkl ekl

Cijkl ij kl ik jl il jk

ij ekk ij 2eij Generalized Hookes Law

x ( e x e y e z ) 2e x
y ( e x e y e z ) 2e y
z ( e x e y e z ) 2e z
xy 2e xy
yz 2e yz
zx 2e zx
Elasticity

Theory, Applications and Numerics

M.H. Sadd , University of Rhode Island

- Lams constant
- shear modulus or modulus of rigidity

Isotropic Materials
Inverted Form - Strain in Terms of
Stress

eij

ij kk ij
E
E

1
x ( y z )
E
1
e y y ( z x )
E
1
e z z ( x y )
E
1
1
e xy
xy
xy
E
2
1
1
e yz
yz
yz
E
2
1
1
e zx
zx
zx
E
2
ex

(3 2)
... Young' s modulus or modulus of elasticity

... Poisson' s ratio

2( )

Elasticity

Theory, Applications and Numerics

M.H. Sadd , University of Rhode Island

Physical Meaning of Elastic Moduli

Simple Tension

Pure Shear

Hydrostatic
Compression
p

0 0
ij 0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0
ij 0 0

0 0 0

E / ex

Elasticity

Theory, Applications and Numerics

M.H. Sadd , University of Rhode Island

/ 2e xy
/ xy

0
p 0

ij 0 p 0 p ij

0
0 p

p kekk k
k

E
. . . Bulk Modulus
3(1 2)

Relations Among Elastic Constants

Elasticity

E 2 92 2 E

Theory, Applications and Numerics

M.H. Sadd , University of Rhode Island

Typical Values of Elastic Moduli for

Common Engineering Materials
E (GPa)

(GPa)

(GPa)

k(GPa)

(10-6/oC)

Aluminum

68.9

0.34

25.7

54.6

71.8

25.5

Concrete

27.6

0.20

11.5

7.7

15.3

11

Cooper

89.6

0.34

33.4

71

93.3

18

Glass

68.9

0.25

27.6

27.6

45.9

8.8

Nylon

28.3

0.40

10.1

4.04

47.2

102

Rubber

0.0019

0.499

0.654x10-3

0.326

0.326

200

Steel

207

0.29

80.2

111

164

13.5

Elasticity

Theory, Applications and Numerics

M.H. Sadd , University of Rhode Island

Hookes Law in Cylindrical Coordinates

r
r

rz

x3
z

rz

( er e e z ) 2e
x2

r
x1

d
dr

z ( er e e z ) 2e z
r 2er
z 2ez
zr 2e zr

Elasticity

rz
z

r ( er e e z ) 2er

r
r

Theory, Applications and Numerics

M.H. Sadd , University of Rhode Island

Hookes Law in Spherical Coordinates

R

R
R

x3
R

R
R

R ( eR e e ) 2eR

(eR e e ) 2e

x1

x2

( eR e e ) 2e
R 2eR
2e
R 2eR

Elasticity

Theory, Applications and Numerics

M.H. Sadd , University of Rhode Island