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2005 Elsevier
BAB 1
PROPERTIES AND OVERVIEW OF IMMUNE
RESPONSES
Innate and adaptive immunity
Type of adaptive immune responses.
Cellular components of adaptive immune
system
Overview of immune responses to mocrobes
Summary
Figure 1-1 Innate and adaptive immunity. The mechanisms of innate immunity provide the initial defense against infections.
Adaptive immune responses develop later and consist of activation of lymphocytes. The kinetics of the innate and adaptive immune
responses are approximations and may vary in different infections.
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INNATE IMMUNITY
CHARACTERISTICS
None
Yes
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
SPECIFICITY
DIVERSITY
MEMORY
Yes
NONREACTIVITY TO SELF
Yes
COMPONENTS
Skin, mucosal epithelia,
Antimicrobial chemicals
Complement, others
Lymphocytes in epithelia,
CELLULAR AND
CHEMICAL BARRIER Antibodies secreted at
Epithelial surfaces.
BLOOD PROTEINS
Phagocytes (macrophage,
neutrophils), NK cells
CELLS
Antibodies
Lymphocytes
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Figure 1-4 Specificity, memory, and contraction of adaptive immune responses. Antigens X and Y induce the production of different antibodies (specificity). The
secondary response to antigen X is more rapid and larger than the primary response (memory). Antibody levels decline with time after each immunization
(contraction, the process that maintains homeostasis). The same features are seen in cell-mediated immune responses.
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SERANGAN BAKTERI
Lapis I : Fisik Kimia Flora Normal
.
Lapis II : PMN Comp Macroph Ig.
..NK cell....
Lapis III:
B cell
T cell
Antibody (Ig)
Complement
Cytotoxic T Cell
Neutralization Macrophage
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Effector mechanism of
Adaptive Immunity.
Antibody
CTL
Ag Neutralization
ADCC
Complement Activation
Macrophage activation
(Opsonization)
Eradicating
Extracellular microbes
Cell Lysis
Eradicating
Intracellular microbes
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PENANGKAPAN ANTIGEN
Penangkapan(fagositosis) antigen oleh sel
dendritik (APC) yang ada di epitel,
diproses dan dibawa ke kelenjar limpe
untuk dipresentasikan ke sel T.
Mikroba intak atau antigen mikroba yang
mengalir juga masuk kel limpe akan
bertemu dengan sel B.
Figure 1-6 Phases of adaptive immune responses. Adaptive immune responses consist of distinct phases, the first three being the recognition
of antigen, the activation of lymphocytes, and the elimination of antigen (the effector phase). The response contracts (declines) as antigenstimulated lymphocytes die by apoptosis, restoring homeostasis, and the antigen-specific cells that survive are responsible for memory. The
duration of each phase may vary in different immune responses. The y-axis represents an arbitrary measure of the magnitude of the response.
These principles apply to humoral immunity (mediated by B lymphocytes) and cell-mediated immunity (mediated by T lymphocytes).
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Systemic circulation
Pulmonary circulation
Subclavicular vein
Valve
Lymphatic
vessel
Lymph node
Blood capillaries
Lymph capillaries
LYMPH NODES
550 buah
1-10 mm in diameter
Afferent
L.n. vessels
.
...
Afferent
L.n. vessels
Efferent
L.n vessels
Respo
Imun
Kuman atau antigen
yg masuk darah
Limpa
Sirkulasi darah
Extravasasi O2,Nutrisi,
sel-sel pertahanan
Cairan Extraseluler
meningkat
Kelenjar limpe
Respon
Imun
RINGKASAN
Respon imun dini terhadap mikroba, respon
imunitas innate dipicu oleh struktur pada
mikroba.
Respon imun adaptif adalah spesifik untuk
mikroba yang berbeda dan nonmikrobial antigen
yang meningkat jika ada paparan ulang
(Immulogic memory).
Imunitas humoral yang dimediasi oleh sel B
dan antibodi yg dihasilkanya yang bekerja pada
mikroba ekstraseluler.
RINGKASAN
Imunitas seluler (CMI) dimediasi oleh sel
T dengan produknya (sitokin) yang
bekerja pada mikroba intraseluler.
Imunitas bisa diperoleh melalui respon
terhadap antigen (Imunitas aktif) atau
melalui pemindahan antibodi atau sel T
dari individu yang sudah imun (imunitas
pasif).
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RINGKASAN
Sistem imun memiliki kemampuan yang sangat
penting untuk berfungsi normal seperti
- spesifik terhadap antigen yang berbeda,
- kemampuan mengenal variasi antigen yg luas
-,kemampuan untuk proliferasi cepat dari
limposit yg spesifik untuk antigen akibat
paparan antigen bersangkutan,
- mempertahankan homeostasis,
- kemampuan membedakan antigen self dan
asing
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RINGKASAN
Limposit satu2nya sel yang mampu secara
spesifik mengenal antigen sehingga
merupakan sel utama pada imunitas adaptif.
Subpopuasi limposit yaitu B dan T berbeda
pada reseptor antigen dan fungsinya.
Spesialis antigen-precenting cells (APC)
memperkenalkan antigen kepada limposit (T).
Eliminasi antigen sering perlu melibatkan
berbagai sel efektor (Keroyokan)
RINGKASAN
Respon imun adaptif dimulai dengan
pengenalan antigen asing oleh limposit spesifik.
Limposit berespon(proliferasi dan differensiasi
menjadi sel effektor) untuk eliminasi antigen
dan pembentukan sel memori yang akan lebih
hebat responsnya jika antigen sama datang lagi.
Aktifasi limposit membutuhkan bukan hanya
antigen tetapi juga signal tambahan yang bisa
berasal dari mikroba atau respon imun innate
terhadap mikroba.
RINGKASAN
CD4 T cells (helper) menolong makrofag untuk
eliminasi mikroba yang difagositosisnya dan
menolong sel B untuk produksi antibodi.
CD8 T cells (CTL) membunuh sel yang
mengandung mikroba jadi mengeliminasi
reservoar infeksi.
Antibodi menetralkan mikroba, membantu
makrofag mengeliminasi mikroba dan
mengaktifkan komplemen.