Functions of a Pump

Transfer fluid between

two points.
Produce required flow
rate.
Produce required
pressure.

Pump - Facts

Pump changes both velocity and pressure

of the fluid.
Pump only adds to the system energy.
Power supplied to the pump is to transfer
fluid at specified flow rate and pressure by
overcoming resistance in the pump and
the system.
A pump does not create pressure, it only
provides flow. Pressure is just an indication
of the amount of resistance to the flow.

Pumps and Viscosity of

Fluid Handled.

Viscosity of the fluid pumped must be within the range

specified in the pump design.
Reciprocating Displacement pumps can handle any required
viscosity.
Rotary Positive Displacement Pumps ( Common- Gear and
Screw ) are used for intermediate range of viscosities.
Centrifugal Pumps are used for Medium to Low range of
viscosities.
Onboard ships, permission should be obtained before any
fluids are moved, which might affect the stability of the ship.

Centrifugal Pump
Centrifugal pump distinguished from
(Rotodynamic)
Positive displacement pump ----- Requirement of relative velocity
between
the fluid and the impeller.
Shaped casing or diverging nozzle
converts
kinetic energy into pressure energy.
Liquid in the impeller and casing

Centrifugal Pump.

Centrifugal Pump- Theory

The energy changes occur in a centrifugal pump
by virtue of two main parts of the pump.
The Impeller The rotating part that converts
driver energy into kinetic energy.
The volute or Diffuser The stationary part that
converts the kinetic energy into pressure energy.
The process liquid enters the suction nozzle and
then into the eye of the impeller. Impeller spins
the liquid sitting in the cavities between the
vanes, outwards and provides centrifugal
acceleration. As liquid leaves the eye of the
impeller, a low pressure area is created, causing
more liquid to flow towards the inlet. Because the
impeller blades are curved, the fluid is pushed in

Centrifugal Pump- Theory

The process liquid enters the suction
nozzle and then into the eye of the
impeller. Impeller spins the liquid sitting
in the cavities between the vanes,
outwards and provides centrifugal
acceleration. As liquid leaves the eye of
the impeller, a low pressure area is
created, causing more liquid to flow
towards the inlet. Because the impeller
blades are curved, the fluid is pushed in

Centrifugal Pump - Theory

The amount of energy given to the liquid is
proportional to the velocity at the edge or
vane tip
of the impeller. The faster the impeller
revolves or
bigger the impeller is, then higher will be the
velocity of the liquid at the vane tip and
greater the

Centrifugal Pump Theory.

The kinetic energy of a liquid coming out of an
impeller is harnessed by creating a resistance
to the
flow. The first resistance is created by pump
volute
casing, which catches the liquid and slows it
down. In
the discharge nozzle, the liquid further

Centrifugal Pump - Head

The pressure at any point in a liquid can
be thought of as being caused by a
vertical column of the liquid due to its
weight. The height of this column is
called the static head and is expressed
in terms of meters of liquid. Head is a
measurement of height of a liquid
column that a pump could create from
kinetic energy imparted to the liquid.
Imagine a pipe shooting a jet of water
straight up into the air, the height the

Centrifugal Pump - Vapour

Pressure
Vapor pressure is the pressure at which
a liquid and its vapor co-exist in
equilibrium, at a given temperature.
Vaporization begins when the vapor
pressure of the liquid at the operating
temperature equals the external system
pressure, which in an open system
always equal to the atmospheric
pressure. Any decrease in external
pressure or rise in operating
temperature can induce vaporization

Centrifugal Pump
Velocity
Head

Velocity Head refers to the energy of a

liquid as a result of its motion at some
velocity, V . It is the equivalent head in
meters through which the water would
have to fall to acquire the same velocity
or the head necessary to accelerate the
water.
Velocity head is insignificant in most
high head systems, but it can be large

Factors Affecting Suction

Lift
Temperature and volatility of the fluid

Pressure exerted on the free side of

the liquid.
Friction Losses at entrances, bends
and pipes in the suction system.

Priming of Centrifugal
Pump.
Priming is the process of removing
Air/Vapour and filling the suction piping,
impeller and pump casing with the fluid.
METHODS OF PRIMING
Liquid ring air-pump.

Ejector.
Reciprocating Pump. Obsolete.

Impeller of Centrifugal
Pump

Types of Impellers, With

Respect to Flow.

Radial flow.

Axial flow.
Mixed flow.

Types of Impellers With

Respect to Construction.
o Open (with partial shrouds for

strength. - - For abrasive liquids with

suspended solids.
o Semi-Open - - For viscous liquids.
o Enclosed - - For clear liquids.

Impellers

Open, Semi-open and enclosed

Impellers

Open, Semi-open,
Enclosed

Single and Double Entry

Impellers

Types of Centrifugal Pumps

With Respect to the
Construction of the Casing.
Volute

Diffuser

Regenerative

Volute Casing
It is like a curved funnel increasing

in area to the discharge port, which

converts velocity energy into pressure
energy. Also it helps to balance the
hydraulic pressure on the shaft of the
pump- occurs at the recommended
capacity. Running at lower capacity
can put lateral stress on pump shaft,
increase wear-and-tear on the seals,
bearings and on the shaft itself.

Centrifugal Pump

Double Volute Pump

Diffuser or Circular Casing

It has stationary diffusion vanes,
surrounding the impeller periphery
that convert velocity energy into
pressure energy.
Conventionally the diffusers are
applied to multistage pumps.

Diffuser Casing

Regenerative(turbine
Pump)
The impeller , which has very tight
axial clearance and uses pump
channel rings. Liquid entering the
channel from the inlet is picked up
immediately by the vanes on both
sides of the impeller and pumped
through the channel by shearing
action. The process is repeated over
and over with each pass imparting
more energy until the liquid is
discharged.

Turbine Pump

Turbine Pump

Axially/Radially Split
Casing

Gland Packing- Stuffing

Box

Stuffing Box

Impeller, wear rings

Centrifugal Pump

Horizontal Two-stage C:
Pump

Two-Stage Vertical C :
Pump

Cavitation

Centrifugal Pump
Operational Summary
o THREE INDICATIONS IF A PUMP IS

CAVITATING
o Noise.
o Fluctuating discharge pressure and
flow.
o Fluctuating pump motor current.

Steps to Stop cavitation of a

Pump
Increase pressure at the suction of

the pump.
Reduce the temperature of the
liquid being pumped.
Reduce head losses in the suction
piping.
Reduce the flow rate through the
pump.
Reduce the speed of the pump

Effects of cavitation.
o Degraded pump performance.
o Metal gets corroded seen as small
pittings.
o Audiable rattling or crackling sounds
which can reach a pitch of dangerous
vibrations.
o

Damage to pump impeller, bearings,

Pump Operation - Facts

To avoid pump cavitaion, NPSH available

must be greater than NPSH required.

NPSH available is the difference between
the pump suction pressure and the
saturation pressure of the liquid being
pumped.
Cavitation is the process of the formation
and subsequent collapse of vapor bubbles
in a pump.
Gas binding of a centrifugal pump is a
condition where the pump casing is filled
with gases or vapors to the point where the
impeller is no longer able to contact enough

Pump Operation - Facts

Shut off head is the maximum head that can
be developed by a centrifugal pump operating
at a set speed.
Pump run out is the maximum flow that can be
developed by a centrifugal pump without
damaging the pump.
The greater the head against which a pump
operates, the lower the flow rate through the
pump.
Centrifugal pumps are protected from run-out
by placing orifice or throttle valve immediately
downstream of the pump discharge and through
proper piping system design.
The centrifugal pump can be protected from
dead-heading by providing a recirculation from
the pump discharge back to the supply source

Centrifugal Pump
Operation
Facts
Discharge Pressure Minimum throughput
when head is maximum.
Power Minimum power consumed when no
flow and the discharge head is at the highest.
Losses 1) Shock and eddy losses caused by
impeller blade thickness and other mechanical
considerations.
2) Frictional losses
due to fluid contact with the pump casing etc.
3) Inlet and Impact losses.

Characteristics of Variable
Speed Centrifugal Pump.
Head varies as the square of the
speed.

Capacity varies directly as the speed.

Power varies as cube of the speed.

Characteristics of Constant
Speed Centrifugal Pump
Head varies as square of the
diameter.

Capacity varies as the diameter.

Power varies as the cube of the
diameter.

Coupling

Coupling Alignment

Alignment

Alignment

Alignment

Centrifugal P/P, Ohauling

Basic Types of Parts:Rotating Parts Impeller, Shaft, wearing
rings, shaft sleeves, bearings, Mechanical
seal etc
Stationary Parts Casing, bearing
housing, suction and discharge flanges,
packing, leak-off tubing, base plate etc

Cent:
P/P,
OhaulingInspect eyes, vanes, shrouds,wearing
Impeller
rings,
passages, hubs and other parts.
Corrosion, Cavitation, and Erosion are
generally accompanied by a wasting away
of the impeller and vane surfaces. Where
attack is severe, the thinned sections may
have holes through them or may warp and
deflect.
Badly worn or corroded impellers may
vibrate excessively. Balancing is required.
Check on a lathe. Metal to be removed on
heavier side. If required take a cut on the
shroud, deepest at the rim.

Cent: P/P, Ohauling- shaft

Check for bent shaft; out of

square, dirty or burred impeller end

of the shaft or spacer sleeve.
Check Lock nut washer is burred
or the faces of it and other parts are
not parallel.
Check for bent shaft by means of
a dial gauge, swinging between
lathe or other centers.
Tap and check impeller shaft key
to see it is tight. Twist of shaft
under load, Expansion or corrosion
will progressively loosen the

Cent:P/P Ohauling- wear

ring
Wear rings are installed in the casing
or impeller or both. It will run as
bearings while lubricated by the fluid
being pumped. Check the clearances to
make sure it is within limits. If not
replace the wear rings.
Wear rings are usually made out of
non-galling materials. EX:Bronze with
dissimilar bronze.
Make sure that the wear rings are

Cent:P/P- OhaulingBearings
Ball bearings etc. Keep all rolling-contact

bearings clean at all times. Use clean tools

and clean surroundings. Use clean solvents
and flushing oils. Clean inside of housing
before replacing the bearings. Install new
bearings as removed from their package,
without washing. To remove a bearing,
press or pull only on the rings which is tight
press; pull straight.
Sleeve/Bush bearings Check clearances,
if over the limit value, replace the same.

Cent:P/P,Ohaulingo Normally only faces require repair.

Mechanical
seal.

o If stationary face is slightly scored,

lap it on a lapping plate. If dirt or scale
is imbedded, take a cut in lathe, to
remove material to below the
imbedded element.
o Remove spring assembly for
cleaning and inspection.
o For replacement, choose the correct
type.
o Good Practice To rotate pumps

Cent:P/P, Ohauling, Shaft

Sleeve,
Gland
Packings.
Check for worn shaft and shaft
sleeve. Machine it and use it if
groove/wear is not deep. Otherwise
replace the sleeve. Check and replace
the sealing ring of the sleeve.
Remove and replace all gland
packings with correct type and size
packings. Clean the housing
thoroughly before inserting the
packings.

Cent:p/p,Ohauling,
Stationary
Parts

Casing:- Examine for corrosion or erosion.

May be repaired by welding, brazing and
machining or metal spraying; depending on the
material.
Gaskets:- To be renewed with correct
thickness and type. Surface of gasket seating
has to be clean. Do not use oil, grease or
varnish. Use proper tightening sequence for
casing bolts and studs.
Bedplate and Foundation:- Keep clean, Check
for irregularity, keep drain lines clear. Check
foundation bolts for tightness.
Piping:- Check for leaks, damaged insulation,

Axial Pump

Axial Pump
Under low head ( 2.5 to 6.2 m), High
throughput (2800- 9500 m3/hr )conditions required by main
condensers in steam ships.
Pump is reversible.
Pump will idle and offer little
resistance when flow is induced
through it by external means.
Ideal for condenser circulating duties
in steam ships and for heeling and

Axial Flow Pump

A screw propeller by causing and
axial acceleration of liquid within its
blades, create a pressure increase.
Incidental rotation imparted to the
liquid is converted to axial movement
by suitably shaped outlet guide vanes.
Throttling of the discharge valve
causes a rise in pressure and power.
With discharge valve closed and zero
discharge, the head will be three times
and power doubled. Causes water

Axial Flow Pump

Mixed Flow Pump

Positive Displacement
Pumps.

centrifugalpumps 11.gif
centrifugalpumps 11.gif

Liquid or gas
displaced from
suction to discharge
by mechanical
variation of the
volume of a chamber
or chambers.

Types of Positive
Displacement Pumps.
RECIPROCATING Plunger or

Piston mechanically reciprocated.

ROTARY Liquid forced through

the pump cylinder or casing by
means of screws or gears etc.

Necessity of Relief
Valve in Positive
Displacement Pumps.

Positive Displacement

Pumps will produce

increasing pressure until
rupture or drive failure.
Hazardous material
discharge from Relief Valve
must be contained within the

Types of Positive
displacement
Reciprocating piston pump.
Pumps.

Gear type rotary pump.

Lobe type rotary pump.
Screw type rotary pump.
Moving vane type pump.
Diaphragm pump.
Flexible vane pump.

Types of P D Pumps

Piston Pump

Piston Pump

Reciprocating Piston Pump

Plunger Pump

Various Check V/Vs

Axial Piston Pump

Axial Piston Pump

Swash Plate Pump

Axial Piston Pump

Wobble Pump

Radial Piston Pump

Radial Piston Pump

Lobe Pump

Lobe Pump

Lobe Pump
Two or more rotors cut with
two, three or more lobes on each
rotor.
Rotors are synchronized for
positive rotation by external
gears.
Liquid delivered in a small
number of large quantities.
Hence flow is not as constant as

Lobe
PumpType
2
Inner and outer elements rotate in a
renewable liner fitted in the pump body.
The inner rotor is eccentric to the outer
and is fitted to a shaft located by bearings
in the pump covers.
Pump types are defined by the number
of lobes and recesses: Three-Four, SevenEight, etc.
Normal Max Pr 21 bar, Cap 400 t/hr
Three-Four typesSlow speeds, high
viscosity fluids
Seven-Eight typesHigher speeds and

Gear Pump

Gear Pump

Gear Pump
Internal Gear Pump

Crescent Internal Gear

Pump

Crescent Internal Gear

Pump

 Classified by the type of gears usedSpur, Helical, Herringbone etc

Commonly used on board for handling
small quantities of Fuel oil, Lub oil etc
Shafts running on bushes or bearings,
usually lubricated by oil being pumped.
Gear backlash,0.2-0.5mm (amount by
which a tooth space exceeds the
thickness of the engaging)- If no
backlash, trapped oil between two teeth
impedes gear rotation, Loss in power,
additional load on bearings, spreading of

Gears

Reciprocating Pump

1. Diaphragm Pump

Diaphragm Pump

Vane Pump

Slide Vane Pump

Vane Pump

Flexible Impeller
Pump(flexible
Pump)

Vane

Flexible Impeller Pump

o Self priming, can be mounted above
or below the source of the fluid.
o Simple construction- Inexpensive.
o Gentle pumping action effectively
handles thin, viscous and particle-laden
fluids.
o Typical applications- Low rate, low
pressure, high viscosity uses.
Temperature range- 0 to 90 oC.
o Impeller- Flexible synthetic rubber

Lobe Pump

Single Screw Pump

Single Screw Pump

(Eccentric Helical Rotor
Pump,
Used forSnake
smooth flow,
P/P)low

capacity applications.
During rotation, rotor (stainless
steel) tightens against the stator
(natural or synthetic rubber) with
double internal screw threads and
enclosed fluid is displaced axially.
All cross sections of rotor are
circular.
Center-line of pump moves radially
during rotation, hence driven

Double Screw Pump

Mounted horizontally or vertically.
Each screw shaft has a right and left
hand screw which ensures hydraulic
balance.
Metal contact avoided by timing
gears.
Liquid drawn and pumped inwards
to the discharge located at rotor midlength.
Discharge is without pulsations.

Double Screw Pump

For corrosive liquid with lack of
lubricity and/or high, very high
viscosity; outside bearings which can
be independantly lubricated are
used.
Pumps with inside bearings are
shorter and lighted and have only one
shaft seal against four in the other
case.
Shaft seal is usually at the suction
end of the pump ( low pressure or

Triple Screw Pump

Triple Screw Pumps

Triple Screw Pump.

Center screw is driven, outer
screws are idle. Outer screws are
driven by fluid pressure and act as
seals.
When screws rotate, their close
relation to each other creates
pockets in the helices; these
pockets move axially.
These pumps work well at high
pressure and with high viscosity

Triple Screw Pump

Triple Screw Pump

Triple Screw Pump

Triple Screw Pump

Screw Pumps
High helix angle screws are used
for relatively high speed on small
pumps.
Lower helix angle screws are
used on large pumps.

Screw Pumps Are Used-- For pumping high viscosity liquids

such as oils and some liquid cargoes.
For draining tanks of high vapor
pressure liquids, since self priming
and being able to pump liquid and
vapor without loss of suction.
For operation at high rotational
speeds, since it can be easily
matched with standard motors.

Circumferential Piston
Pump

Positive Displacement
Pumps

Often used for small capacities

and when needed to avoid
churning. Also used for high
viscosity liquids.
Can control flow by regulating
speed.
Used often for high or very
high pressure. Also as metering
pumps.
Will produce any head that is

Direct Acting Reciprocating

pump classed as

Horizontal or Vertical

( H or V )

Single or Duplex ( S or D )
Single or Double Acting ( SA or
DA )

Positive Displacement
Pumps- Characteristics.

o Output is almost directly

proportional to the speed.

o Output marginally reduced at
increased pressure. (Slip)
o Will develop discharge pressure
equal to the resistance to be
overcome.
o Self priming.
o Will accept high suction lifts.
o Can handle large amounts of
entrained gases or vapors.

Rotary Displacement
Pumps.

Rely on fine clearances between

moving parts for their efficient
operation.
Contact between elements in
some screw pumps etc is made
unnecessary by gear drives.
When used for lubricating oil
and hydraulic systems, these
pumps benefit from sealing effect
and lubrication between parts.

RDP Pumped Volume.

Volumetric efficiency should be 100%,
but as the differential pressure increases,
the leakage will increase. Slip less - if the
pumped liquid is more viscous.
Slip - function of clearance, viscosity
and differential pressure, hence constant
irrespective of speed.
Slip or Leakage cause erosion and
increase of clearance (more if liquid

RDP Pressure, Limited by

Torque available from the motor.
Strength of the parts.
Amount of slip and leakage.
Consideration of overall efficiency.

RDP Acceleration Losses.

These are the greatest losses
(Acceleration is a function of distance
moved and speed.
In gear pump, depth and form of
tooth influence this.
In screw pump, pitch of the screw
influence this.

Air Operated Diaphragm

Pump

Globe Valve

Piping
Piping systems are used to convey fluids.

The term piping generally refers to the

pipe, valves, fittings, flanges, and other
components.
Fittings Everything in a system except
pipes.
Pipe and tubing No definite rule for
distinguishing between pipe and tubing.
One difference is wall thickness: typically,
pipe has heavier walls. Pipe generally
conveys fluid flow from one location to
another, whereas tubing may direct static
pressure for control or measurement. The

Piping
Materials joined in a piping system must
be similar, to avoid galvanic corrosion
(where different metals connected and
mutually in contact with seawater; the
metal which comes later in the galvanic
series may corrode acts like a sacrificial
anode).
Example of galvanic series Zinc,
Aluminium, Carbon Steels, Cast Iron, LeadTin alloy, Lead, Brass, Copper, Bronze,
Gunmetal, Copper-Nickel Iron, Monel Metal
etc.
Pipe and fitting strength is affected by
temperature as well as pressure, and both
must be considered in the selection of
materials and wall thickness. As

Piping
Pipe is sized by nominal pipe size (NPS).
The nominal pipe size is based on nominal
inside diameter for sizes up to 300 mm. Since
the pipe is joined using standard size fittings,
the outside diameter must be the same
regardless of wall thickness. Consequently,
pipe wall thickness is achieved by adjusting
the inside diameter.
For larger pipe sizes (350mm and more), the
nominal pipe size is based on the outside
diameter.
Seamed pipe is formed by rolling a flat plate
into a cylindrical shape and then welding
along the longitudinal seam.
Seamless pipe is formed by a drawing
process where red-hot metal is drawn over a

Piping
Pipe threads differ from machine threads in that
they are cut on a taper i.e., the thread diameter is
smaller at the end of the pipe and progressively
larger along the pipe length. As a result of the taper,
when the pipe is screwed into a fitting, the threads
force and increasing interference that assists in
sealing against leakage. Compounds are applied to
the external threads to any imperfections. Teflon
tape or teflon-bearing pipe dope used on lower
temperature connections and lubricants bearing
copper or silver metal flakes are used in higher
pressure, higher temperature joints. These
compounds also prevent galling of the threads and

Piping

Flanges consist of flat-faced disks that are

bolted together, with a compliant gasket material
installed between them. For high-pressure piping,
it is standard practice to use raised-face flanges,
where the flange face in the area within the bolt
holes is raised to increase compression of the
gasket in the sealing area. It should be noted that
in any installation using cast-iron valves, raised
face should not be used on the flanges. Using flat
faces with cast iron avoids high bending stresses
on the cast-iron flange.
Welded joints are used for general purpose
piping and are required for high-pressure, hightemperature piping systems. Two types - socketwelded fittings and butt-welded fittings are used.
Largerbore pipe systems are made up using buttwelded fittings.

Piping
Steel Subject to galvanic action and rusting.
Mild steel pipes for seawater are protected
by being galvanized or rubber lined.
Mild steel ERW or hot rolled pipes are
galvanized by hot-dipping.
Seamless mild steel pipes- used for (less than
460oc) steam, high pressure air, feed
discharges and all fuel oil pressure piping.
For greater than 460oc applications steel
requires additions of alloying materials like
Molybdenum and Chromium.

Piping
Cast Iron Poor corrosion resistance in
seawater, especially vulnerable to
graphitization.
Weakness of Grey Cast Iron In
tension, and under shock loading. It is
brittle in nature. Hence limits
applications to low pressure
requirements.
Advantage Ease of casting.
Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron ( S G Iron
) and Meehanite High strength
versions, suitable for use in shipside
valves. S G Iron also used for high

Piping

o Copper pipes Suitable for moderate

temperature and pressure.
o Stainless Steel Widely used for cargo pipes
of chemical tankers carrying very corrosive
cargoes.
o Non-ferrous alloys Brass is an alloy of
copper and zinc. Bronze is an alloy of copper
and tin. In both the cases there may be
additions of other metals. Aluminium brass is
also widely used. All these are resistant to
seawater corrosion. Non-ferrous alloys are
protected from corrosion by deposition of iron
ions, if iron or steel fittings are used. Iron ion
protection can also be supplied from sacrificial
or driven iron anodes by dosing with ferrous
sulphate.
o Brasses in presence of seawater undergo

Piping
Erosion Result of abrasives, high water speed,
entrained air, turbulence, cavitation. Turbulence and
cavitation often caused by protuberances, high bends,
abrupt change of pipe cross-sectional area, incorrectly
cut jointing, weld deposits.
Temperature Above 450oc cause recrystallization
& creep in iron and steel. Low temperature (-162oc) as
in liqified natural gas; cause brittle failure. Varying
temperatures cause stresses due to expansion and
contraction.
Pipe fittings Cast iron & gunmetal fittings are used
for small sizes and moderate pressure. Cast or fusion
welded (fabricated) mild steel or S G iron are used for
high pressure and temperature and fuel oil under
pressure. 0.5% molybdenum steel used for temp:
greater than 460oc- Molybdenum inhibits

Pipe Installations
Vibration is the frequent cause of eventual pipe
failure. Supports and clips (must permit free
expansion and contraction) are used to prevent this.
It is essential that pipe systems and heavy valve
chests are seperately supported and stayed.
Flanged connection to the pumps to be the last to
be coupled after faces are correctly aligned.
Expansion arrangements to accommodate
changes in length due to change in temperature (to
prevent undue stress or distortion). Methods
Anchored sleeve with stuffing box & gland, right
angle bend or loop, stainless steel bellows or
expansion joint.
Water-tight bulkhead- Pipes carried thorough
water-tight bulkheads, use special fittings to avoid
impairment of their integrity.

Expansion bellows

Expansion joints, bellows

Max: and Min: temperature to be considered
when choosing bellows.
while installing do not over-compress or
over-extend.
Usually the material is stainless steel upto
500oc.
Normally bellows have internal sleeves to
give smooth flow. Fit the bellows in correct
direction.
Bellows will absorb movement or vibration
in several planes, eliminating maintenance;
reduce friction and heat losses.

Globe Valve

Globe Valve

Globe Valve
Bulbous body, valve seat, screw down
plug or disc arranged at right angles to the
axis of the pipe.
Sometimes both seat and disc faces are
stellited or seat may be renewable and
screwed into the valve chest or given a light
interference fit and secured by grub screw.
Seating may be flat or mitered (common).
Spindle or stem may have a vee or square
thread. Leakage along spindle arrested by
stuffing box.
If there is any change in direction angle
valve is used.

Stop check valve

Gate Valve

Gate Valve, Non rising

Gate Valve, Rising stem

Lift Check Valve

Swing Check Valve

Swing Check Valves

Check valve

Ball Valve

Butterfly Valve

Butterfly.gif

Pressure Reducing
Valve

Valve Maintenance

Steam Trap

Flash Steam

Thermo Steam Traps

Thermostatic Steam Traps

Balanced Steam Traps

Bimetallic Steam Trap

Bimetallic Steam Trap

Steam Trap (MechanicalFloat)

Inverted Bucket Steam

Trap

Thermostatic Steam Traps

Thermodynamic Steam
Traps

Thermodynamic Steam
Traps

Strainers

Filter Elements

Baskets and Filter Bags

Filter Candles