TURBOMACHINE

Definition- All devices in which energy is

transferred either to, or from, a continuously
flowing fluid by the dynamic action of one or
more moving blade rows.

Turbo - means which spins

Open turbo machines that influences an
indeterminate quantity of fluid Such as
propellers, wind mill and un-shrouded fans.
Enclosed turbo machines- which influences
finite quantity of fluid passing through a casing.

Classification

1. Power transfer
(a) Those absorbing power (fans, compresses, pumps).
(b) Those producing power (hydraulic, steam & gas
turbines).
2. Nature of flow path(a) when through flow over rotor is wholly or mainly
parallel to the Axis of rotation AXIAL FLOW
TURBOMACHINES.
(b) When through flow is wholly or mainly in a plan
perpendicular to the Rotation axis RADIAL FLOW
TURBOMACHINES.
(c) When through flow has both axial and radial direction
MIXED FLOW TURBOMACHINES.

3. Pressure changes are absent (IMPULSE) or present

BASIC PHYSICAL LAWS

The continuity equation.
The First Law of Thermodynamics.
Newtons Second Law of Motion.
The Second Law of Thermodynamics.

The Equation of Continuity

dm = CndA
m = 1Cn1A1 = 2Cn2A2 = CnA

Cn
C
dA

Flow direction

The first Law of Thermodynamics

Through a cycle
(dQ-dW) = 0

During Change of state from 1 to 2, there is change

in the property i.e. internal energy
E2-E1

12 (dQ-dW).

For on infinitesimal change of state

dE = dQ dW

The steady flow energy

equation
m

Q
1
w

Control
volume
2

Q- W =

m [ ( h2- h1 ) + (C22-C12) + g (z2-z1)]

Enthalpy kinetic Energy
Potential Energy

Apart from hydraulic machines the Contribution of potential Energy

change is negligible.
Q- W =
m [ ( h2- h1 ) + (C22-C12)]-------------------------------------(1)

Stagnation enthalpy ho = h + C2
Q-W = m ( h02-h01)
Most turbomachinery flow processes are (nearly) adiabatic [Q = 0].

For work Producing machines (turbines).

W = Wt = m (h01-h02)

For work absorbing machines (Compressors ).

-W = WC = m (h02-h01)

Newtons Second Law of motion

1).for a system

Fx = d/dt { M Cx }
= [(M/t). (Cx)]
( For control volume).
= m {CX2-CX1}
[m mass/sec]
2). Eulers equation of motion
1/ dp + cdc + gdz = 0
3). Bernoullis equation
12 1/ dp + (C22-C12) + g (Z2- Z1) = 0
For incompressible fluid is constant
1/ (p2-p1) + (C22-C12) + g (Z2- Z1) = 0
1/ (p02-p01) + g (Z2- Z1) = 0
Where po = stagnation pressure = p + c 2
If change of gravitational potential is negligible
1/ (p02-p01) = 0
For incompressible fluid
p02=p01 = p0

4)
MOMENT OF MOMENTUM ------- Rate of change of
moment of momentum on system is equal to the moment
of the force acting.
OR
2
Vector sum of moment of all external forces acting on the
system is equal to rate of change of angular momentum
{or moment of momentum}.
Cr
T =

d/dt (r MCn )

Cn

M d/dt ( r Cn )
C
= (M/ t) . ( r Cn)

[ for control volume]

=m (r2 Cn2-r1Cn1)

Work done /sec

r
O

The second law thermodynamics:--In order to specify the degree of imperfection of actual
processes in Turbo machines, an ideal process is required
for comparison. The second law of thermodynamic defines
an ideal process by introducing the concept of entropy.

The inequality of Clausius states that.

dQ/T 0
Where dQ is an amount of heat transferred to the system at
an absolute temp T.
For reversible processes in the cycle
dQR/T= 0 .
The property called entropy, for a finite change of state is
then defined as
S2-S1 = 12 dQR/T= 0

For an incremental change state

dS = mds = dQR/T; dQR /m =Tds
For steady one dimensional flow through a control volume in which the
fluid experiences a change of state from condition l at entry to 2 at exit
12 dQ/T S2-S1
m ( s2-s1 )
If the process is adiabatic dQ = 0 so s2 >s1
If the process is reversible adiabatic s2 =s1
Thus for a flow which is adiabatic, the ideal process will be one in
which the entropy remain unchanged during the process.
From First Law of thermodynamics
dE = dQ dW
i.e. dQ = dE + dW
For reversible process for unit mass,
dQR /m =Tds = (dE = dW )/m =du + pdv
With
h = u +pv ; dh = du +vdp = Tds + vdp
Or Tds = dh dp/ = dh dp/

Stagnation properties

Stagnation (or Total) enthalpy

Stagnation temperature
Stagnation Pressure

Stagnation (or Total) enthalpy

Stagnation enthalpy h0 is the enthalpy
which a gas stream of enthalpy ( h )
and velocity (C) would possess when
brought to rest adiabatically (Q = 0)
and without Work transfer (W = 0).
Energy equation (1) then reduces to
(h0 - h) + (0-C2) = 0
And thus ho is defined by
h0 = h+C2/2

Stagnation temperature

When the fluid is a perfect gas CpT can be substituted for h, and
the corresponding concept of Stagnation (or total) temperature
To is defined as
h0 = h+C2/2
To = T+C2/2Cp
C2/2Cp is called dynamic temp.
T-Static temp.
[For atmospheric air, Cp = 1.005KJ/kg k flowing at 100m/s
To T = 1002 / (2*1.005*103) = 50K ]
From energy equation with no heat & work transfer.
Q W = 0 = m [ h02-h01]
(h02 = h01
& T02 = T01)
h0 & T0 Remains Constant .

It is easier to measure Stagnation temperature of high velocity

stream than the static temp.

Stagnation Pressure:When the gas is slowed down and the temperature

rises there is a simultaneous rise in pressure. The
stagnation (or total) pressure p0 is defined in a
similar way to T0,but with the added restriction
That the gas is imagined to be brought to
rest not only adiabatically but also
reversibly i.e. Isentropically.
The stagnation pressure is thus defined by
p0/p = (T0/T) /-1
Stagnation pressure, unlike stagnation temp, is
constant in a stream flowing without heat or work
transfer only . If friction is absent; the drop
is Stagnation pressure can be used as a
measure of the fluid friction.

p0 is not same as usual pitot pressure p0*, defined for

incompressible flow by
p0* = p +C2/2
From earlier equation
p0/p = (T0/T) /-1 = [(T+C2/2Cp)/T] /(-1) Substitute
[Cp= R/(-1)]
= [1+C2(-1)/(2RT)] /(-1)
with
[ a2= RT]
= [1+C2(-1)/(2 a2 )] /(-1) = (1+ M2 (1)/2) /(-1)
= 1+/2 M2 +/8 M4 +(2-)/48M6+ _ _ _ _
_ _______
(p0/p) -1 = ( p0-p)/p = /2 .M2 +/8 .M4 +(2)/48.M6+_ _ _ _ _ _
( p0-p)/[p(M2/2)] = 1+ M2/4+ (2-)/24M4 +_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
__
But

p(M2/2) = RT (/2) C2/ RT = (C2)

For incompressible flow

( p*o -p)/( C2) = 1
From this equation the percentage deviation of the pressure
coefficient ( po -p)/( C2) from incompressible flow value
[
( po -p)/( C2) = 1] with Mach no. can be calculated.

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

1.0

Percentage
Deviation

0.3

1.0

2.3

4.1

6.4

27.5

Definition of Efficiency
Efficiency of turbines
Fluid Energy converted to mechanical energy of rotation .
Max energy
Difference
possible

Energy
transferred to
rotor

Adiabatic or
Hydraulic efficiency

Mechanical
energy
Available at
the shaft

Mechanical
efficiency

Efficiency of turbines
Enthalpy entropy diagram
po1
p1

01
C12 /2
h

1
Wa

Wi

p02
p2

02
02s
C2s2 /2 2s

s1

C22 /2
2

s2

Turbine expansion process

For turbines there are several ways of expressing

adiabatic efficiency depending upon whether the
exit Kinetic energy is usefully employed or is
wasted. The examples of kinetic energy not
wasted are
(a) Last stage of an aircraft gas turbine where it
contributes to jet propulsive thrust.
(b) The exit kinetic energy from one stage of a
multistage turbine is used in the next stage.
In these two cases the turbine and stage adiabatic
efficiency is known as the total-to-total
efficiency.
tt = (h0l-h02)/(h01-h02S)

If The difference between the inlet and outlet kinetic

energy is small i.e.
C12 C22 C22S
tt = (hl-h2 )/ (h1-h2S )

When the exhaust kinetic energy is not usefully

employed, the relevant adiabatic efficiency is the.
Total-to-static efficiency
ts = (h0l-h02 )/(h01-h2S)

for small difference of inlet and outlet kinetic

energies
ts = (hl-h2 )/(h1-h2s + C12 ).
A situation where the outlet kinetic energy is
wasted, is a turbine exhausting directly to the

Efficiency of compressors
In compressors the
compressed air carry its
kinetic energy along with and
the only meaningful efficiency
is the total - to - total
efficiency which is
C2s2 /2
C = (h02S-h01 ) /(h02-h01)

h
For small difference of kinetic
energy at inlet and outlet
C = (h2S-h1) / (h2-h1)
T 1)

= Cp (T2S-T1)/Cp (T2-

02s

po2

02
2

p2

C22/2

2s

p01
p1

01
C12 /2

= (T2S-T1)/ (T2-T1)
s
Compression process

p+dp

Small stage or polytropic efficiency ( P )

h

compression process
p
P = dhs /dh
dhs
dh
For a reversible process
Tds = dh - vdp
s
for one isentropic process Tds = o = dhS vdp
Or
dhS = vdp
Therefore P = vdp/(CpdT)
=(RT/p)dp/(CpdT)
[ Substituting v
= RT/P]

dT/ T = [(-1)/P ]( dp/ p)

[Substituting CP
= R/-1]

Integrating
T2/T1 = (p2/p1) (-1)/p
--------------(A)
For a compressor adiabatic efficiency is (For equal velocity at
inlet & outlet)
c = (h2S-h1 ) /(h2- h1 )

For ideal compression process

0.9
T2S/T1 = (P2/P1)

P =0.9

(-1)/

which can also be obtained from (A) by

0.8
substituting P =1 Therefore
C
C = (T2S-T1 ) /(T2-T1 )
= [T1 (T2S/T1-1)] / [T1 (T2/T1-1)]
0.7

1]

= [(P2/P1) (-1)/ -1] /[ (P2/P1)

This value
as shown

(-1)/

P =0.8

P =0.7

0.6
for different values of ( P2/P1 ) is

The actual irreversible adiabatic expansion

process can be considered as equivalent to
a polytropic Process (hence the term
polytropic efficiency) with index n

Pr. Ratio P2/P1

Therefore

T2/T1 = (P2/P1)

Equating the indices

= (p2/p1)

(-1)/( )
P
(n-1)/n

(-1)/P = (n-1)/n
P = [ (-1)/] * [ n/(n-1)]
n = P / [1- (1- P)]

Turbine expansion process

The equivalent relation will be

T2/T1 =(P2/P1) P(-1)/
n = / [-(-1) P]
t =[1-(P2/P1) P(-1)/] / [1- (p2/p1)

[ DERIVE THESE RELATION ]

-1/

Nozzle efficiency
In a large number of turbo machine components the flow
process can be regarded as a purely nozzle flow in which
the fluid receives an acceleration as a result of drop
p1
in Pressure.
01 02
From steady flow energy
C12 /2
h
equation with no shaft work
C22 /2
C1s2/2
h02-h01= 0
1
so

h01=h02
h 1+

p2

C12=h2+ C22

2s

h1-h2 = (C22-C21)

(A)

For equivalent reversible Adiabatic process

h01 = h02S
h1-h2S=

(C2S2-C11)

(B)

the nozzle efficiency can be define as

N = ( h1-h2)/(h1-h2S)
( Substituting from (A) &
(B) )
2

For an isentropic change Tds = dh - vdp=0 .

If the fluid is treated as incompressible, the change of state
from l to 2s
12Sdh =1/12S dp
h1-h2S =1/ (P1-P2)

h2-h2S =

(h1-h2S)-(h1-h2)
= 1/(P1-P2)-1/2(C22-C12)
=1/(P01-P02)
N = (h1-h2)/(h1-h2S )
=[ (h1-h2S)-(h2-h2S)] / (h1-h2S)
=1- (h2-h2S) / (h1-h2S)
=1- ( p01-p02) / (p1-p2 )

Diffuser efficiency

For steady adiabatic flow

in a stationary passage
h01= h02 ;
i.e.

h1+

C1 =h2+ C2
2

h
01 02
C12 /2s
2s
2

h2-h1= (C12-C22)

C22 /2
2

p1

h2s-h1= (C1 -C2s )

D = ( h2s-h1)/(h2-h1)
= [ (C12-C2s2)] / (C12-C22)
For isentropic in compressible flow
h2s-h1 =1/(p2-p1)

D = 2(p2-p1) /(C12-C22)
2

p2

h2-h2s = (h2-h1) - (h2s-h1)

= (C12-C22) - 1/(P2-P1)
=1/(p01-p02)
D
= (h2s-h1) / [ (h2s-h1)- (h2s-h2) ]

= 1 / [1- (h2s-h2) / (h2s-h1) ]

= 1/ [1+ (p01-p02) / (p2-p1) ]
For an incompressible flow energy equation (Bernoullis
equation) written as
p1/ + C12 = p2/ + C22 + p0 /
Where the loss in total pressure
p0 = p01-p02

Compressible Flow
Sonic velocity a = (dp/d) =
(P/)
=(RT)
[For isentropic process ]

Mach no

M = C/a

Isentropic Flow through varying area passage

Continuity Eq.
AC= Const ; Which gives d / +dA/A +dC/C = 0
(1)
Eulers equation; dp/ +C dC = 0
0 (2)
Or
a2 .(d / ) +C dC = 0

or

(dp/d ).(d / ) +C dC =

Substituting d / from (1) ;

- a2 .(dA/A +dC/C ) +C dC =0
dA/A =C dC/ a2 -dC/C = (dC/C).(C2/a2 -1)
dA/A =(dC/C) (M2-1) = - (dp/C2) [M2-1]
[Eulers eq. dC = dp/C ]
For accelerating flow or flow through nozzle (dC = + ve)

For M < 1;
dA is ve or area must decrease
For M > 1;
dA is + ve
or area must increase

For decelerating flow or flow through diffuser (dc = -ve)

For M < 1;
For M>1;

dA is + ve or area must increase

dA is - ve or area must decrease

dA = o for M =1 indicating minimum area or throat area .

Converging-diverging nozzle
Normal
shock

Inlet
pressure

M<1
M<1

Critical
pressure

M<1
Normal
shock

M=1
pr

M>1
Length

Subsonic
diffusion

From steady state energy equation

h01 =h 02
h1+ C1 2 =h2+ C22
Putting C = M.a =M(RT)
CpT1+ M12RT1=CpT2+ M22RT2
Putting Cp= R/-1 and rearranging
T2/T1=(1+ (-1)M12)/(1+ (-1)M22)

For isentropic flow

P2 /P1= (T2/T1)/-1=[ (1+ (-1)M12)/(1+ (1)M22) ] /-1

Stagnation properties
h0=h + C2/2
T0=T+C2/2Cp
T0/T= 1+ C2/2CpT= (M2 .RT)/[2R/(-1) = 1+[(-1)]M2

p 0/p =( T0/T)/(-1) =(1+{(-1)}M2 ) /(-1)

o / = (P0/P)1/ = (1+{(-1)}M2 )1/(-1)

Mass flow rate per unit area

m =AC

m/A =C =(P/RT)C = (p0/p) .( po/To). (T0/T) .

{C/(RT)} .(/R)
Substituting for (p0/p) and (T0/T) from above and simplifying

m/A =(/R) .po/To . M . (1+

(-1)M2 ) (+1)/2(-1)

Mass flow rate per unit area is maximum When

d (m/A)/dM =0
This condition gives 1-M2 =0.
Or M =1.
Which is the condition of max mass flow at the throat. This
condition is called CHOCKED FLOW.

The properties for this condition are denoted by (*),

(P*,*,T*,A*) and are terms as a critical properties.
For this condition; ( M=1)
m/A* ==(/R) *Po/To * (2/(+1) )(+1)/2(-1)

T0/T* = (+1)/2
P0/P* = ((+1)/2) /(-1)
0/ =((+1)/2) 1/(-1)
A/A* =1/M [(2+(-1)M2)/+1] (+1)/2(-1)

Where A is the area at a section and A* is the area at the

throat

 GAS TABLE
The valve of M*(value at a
point/Critical value at throat )
=(C/A*) , A/A*, T0/T, P0/P & 0/
computed for an ideal gas having
=1.4 for various value of mach no. M
from above equations. These are
given in the gas table for isentropic
flow.

Flow over an aerofoil

M>1
M<1

p p+p

Shock
wave

M<1

B
C

Low speed

High speed

AB ----Loss of head due to shock wave

C-------Peak loss due to separation because of shock wave

 PLAIN NORMAL SHOCK WAVE

When shock waves occur normal to the axis of the flow, they are
discontinuities which occupy a finite but very short length of duct for this
reason they can be treated as adiabatic frictionless processes in a duct
of constant cross sectional area .In general, three conservation laws are
satisfied without satisfying reversibility.

Flow in a duct
entrance to nozzle

Flow at


STEADY STATE ENERGY EQATION
h02-h01 = 0
Cp(T2-T1) +1/2(C22-C12) = 0.
(4)
From eq..(3)
p2+ 2C22 =p1 + 1C11
p2(1+( 2C22 )/p2) =P1 (1+ 1C12 / p1)
p2/p1 = (1+ 1C12 /p1) /(1+ 2C22 / p2)
=

[1+C12/a1 2]/ [1+C22 /a22 ]

=
(1+M12)/(1+M22)
..(5)

From eqn .(4) , Energy equation

Since T02 = T01
T2/T1 =

(T2/T02) * (T01/T1)
=

(1+(-1)/2M12)/(1+(-1)/2M22)

= (2+(-1) M12)/(2+(-1) M22)

..(6)
But
M2/M1 =(C2/a2)/(C1/a1)
= C2/C1 * (RT1)/(RT2)
= 1/2 *(T1/T2)

( From

eqn ..2)
= (p1/RT1)/(p2/RT2) *(T1/T2)
= p1/p2 * (T2/T1)
Substituting from (5) and (6)
M2/M1
= (1+M22)/(1+M12) *[ (2+(-1) M12)/
(2+(-1) M22)]
Simplifying

Substituting for M2 in
eqn ..(5)& eqn ..(6)
Across the shock wave

P2/P1 = ( 2M12-(-1) )/ (+1)

(8)

T2/T1
= [ 2M12-(-1) ] * [ (2+(-1) M12)/(-1) M12)]
.(9)

P02/P1 = P02/P2 * P2/P1

= (1+(-1)/2M22)/( -1) * ( 2M12-(-1) )/ (+1)
= [1+ (-1)/2 *( (-1) M12)+2) /(2M12-(-1) ) ]
*[ ( 2M12-(-1) )/ (+1)]

= [(+1) M12)]
..(10)

/( -1)

/( -1)

/ [( 2M12-(-1) )/ (+1)]

1/( -1)

 Evaluation of equation (7) shows that for M1 > 1

M2 < 1;
while for M1 < 1, M2 > 1
But calculation of change of entropy

s/Cv = ln T2/T1 - (-1) ln

P2/P1
Will give for M1 > 1 , +ve value of s where as for
M2< 1, -ve valve of s which is impossible
therefore normal shock wave can only arise in a
supersonic flow.

For different value of M1 and for = 1.4 . The
value of M , P /P , T /T , P /P
/ , P /P

EXAMPLE
A stream of air flows in a duct of 100 mm dia
at a rate of 1kg/s. The stagnation temp. is
370C. At one section of the duct the static
pressure is 40 kPa . Calculate the mach no. ,
Velocity, and stagnation pressure at this
section.
SOLUTION
Given
T0 = 37+273 = 310k, P = 40 kpa, = 1.4.

Mass flow rate per unit area is

m/a = v = p/RT .(RT) .M
= (/R) . PM/T0 .T0/T
= (/R) . PM/T0 . (1+(-1)/2M2)1/2

1/[(/4)(0.1)2] = (1.4/(0.287.1000).40
kN/m2 . M/310 .[1+0.2 M2]1/2
127.39 =
(1.4/[(0.287 . 1000) .310] .
40 .103 M . [1+0.2 M2]1/2

M . [1+0.2 M2]1/2 = 0.803

M . [1+0.2 M2]
= 0.645 ;

M4 + 5M2 3.225 = 0

M2 = -5 (25+12.9)/2 = (-5+6.16)/2 = 0.58

M = 0.76
Ans.

T0/T1 = 1+(-1)/2 M2 = 1+0.2 . (0.76)2 = 1.116

T = 277.78 K.
Ans.

C = RT
= (1.4 . 0.287 . 1000 . 277.78)
= 334.08 m/s
Ans.

V = CM = 334.08 . 0.76
= 253.9 m/s
Ans.
P0/P =( T0/T ) /( -1)
= (1.116)1.4/0.4 = 1.468
P0

40 . 1.468 = 58 .72 kpa.

Ans.

EXAMPLE- 2
A conical air diffuser has an intake area of 0.11 m 2 , an exit
area of 0.44 m2 . Air enter the diffuser with a static
pressure of 0.18 Mpa , static temp. of 370C , and velocity of
267 m/s.
Calculate
a. Mass flow rate of air through the diffuser.
b. The mech no. , Static Temp. , and
static pressure of
2
air leaving the diffuser.
1
T1 =370C
P1 = 0.18MPa
V1 = 267m/s
A1 = 0.11 m2

V2
A2 = 0.44m2
M2 = ?
T2 = ?
P2 = ?

1
2

Sol.

m =
=
=
=
C =
=
=

AV
p/(RT1) * A1 * V1
(0.18 *106 * 0.11 * 267)/(287*310)
59.42 kg/s
Ans.
RT
(1.4 * 287 *310)
352 m/s
Ans.

M1 = V1/C1
= 267/352
= 0.76.
Ans.
From gas table for the isentropic flow of air (=1.4).
When M1 = 0.76;
A1/A* = 1.0570 , P1/P01 = 0.68207, T1/T01 = 0.89644
A2/A1 = 0.44/0.11 = 4 = A2/A* / A1/A*
A2/A* = 4 * 1.0570

= 4.228

Again from isentropic flow table when A2/A* = 4.228

M2 = 0.135,
P2/P02 = 0.987 , T2/T02 = 0.996

P2/P1 = (P2/P02 )/ (P1/P01 ) = 0.987/0.682 = 1.447

P2 = 1.447 *0.18
= 0.26 Mpa.
Ans.

T2/T1 = (T2/T02 )/ (T1/T01)

= 0.996/0.89644
= 1.111
T2 = 1.111* 310
= 344K
Ans

EXAMPLE 3.
A convergent divergent nozzle has a throat area 500
mm2. Air enters the nozzle with stagnation Temp. of
360K and stagnation pressure of 1 Mpa. Determine the
Max. flow rate of air that nozzle can pass, and the static
pressure, static temp, mach no. , and velocity at the exit
from the nozzle if
(a)The divergent section acts as a nozzle. And
(b) the divergent section acts as a diffuser.
2
1
*
T01 = 360K
P01 = 1MPa
A* = 500mm2

A2 =
1000mm2

 Sol

A2/A* = 1000/500 = 2

From isentropic flow rate , when A2/A* = 2 There are two value of the
mach no.,
One for supersonic flow when the divergent section acts as a nozzle , and
the other for subsonic flow when divergent section acts as a diffuser,
which are
M2 =2.197&M2 =0.308.

(a)When M2 =2.197
Ans.

P2/P0 = 0.0939, T2/T0 = 0.5089
[P0= P01 , T0=T0 1]
P2 = 0.0939 *1000

= 93.9 Kpa.
Ans.

T2 = 0.5089 * 360
= 183.2 K
Ans.
C2 = RT2 = 20.045 * 183.2
V2 = 271.2*2.197
= 596 m/s.

= 271.2 m/s.
Ans.

Mass flow rate

m = *v*A = 2v2A 2 = 1v1A1
For throat M* =1, from gas table (=1.4) for air
P0*/P0 = 0.528 & T*/ T0 = 0.833
* = p0*/(RT*) = (0.528 * 106)/(287 * 0.833
*360)
= 6013 kg/m3.
T* = 360 *0.833 = 300K
V* = RT* = 347.2 m/s.

m = 500 * 10-6 * 6.13 * 347.2

= 1.065 Kg/s.
Ans.

(b) M2 =0.308
P2/P0 = 0.936 , T2/T0 = 0.9812
P2 = 0.936 *1 = 0.936 Mpa.
T2 = 0.9812 *360 = 35302 K.
C2 = RT2
= 376.8 m/s.
V2 = 376.8 *0.308
= 116 m/s.
m = 1.065Kg/s
Ans.

Example 4
A convergent divergent nozzle operate at off design
condition while conducting air from a high pressure tank to
a large pressure tank to a large container .A normal shock
occurs in the divergent part of the nozzle at a section
where the cross sectional area is 18.75cm2. if the
stagnation pressure and stagnation temp. at the inlet of the
nozzle are 0.21 Mpa and 360C resp. and the throat area is
12.50cm2 and the exit area is 25 cm2 estimate the exit
mach no. , exit pressure , loss of stagnation
pressure and
2
entropy increase
during the flow between two tanks
1
*

MX

My

A* = 12.5 cm2

A2 = 25cm2
2

 Sol

At shock section

Ax/A* = 18.75/12.5 = 1.5

Up to the shock, the flow is isotropic, from isentropic flow

table, when

A/Ax = 1.5 ;
Mx = 1.86
Px/P0 x = 0.159
Px = 0.159*0.21*1000 = 33.4 Kpa
From the gas table on normal shocks
When Mx = 1.86; My = 0.604
Py/P x = 3.87
P0y/P x = 4.95, P0y/P0 x = 0.786
Py = 3.87 * 33.4

= 129.3 Kpa
P0y = 4.95*33.4

= 165.3 Kpa

 From the shock section to the exit of the nozzle, the flow is again
isentropic.
My = 0.604 from the isentropic table

Ay/A* =1.183

A2/A* = (A2/Ay) *( Ay/A* )

= 25/18.75 * 1.183

1.582
A2/A* = 1.582 , from isentropic flow tables M2 = 0.402
Ans.
P0/P 0y = 0.895 .
P2 = 0.895 * 165.3

= 147.94 Kpa.
Loss in stagnation pressure occurs only across the shock

P0x - P0y = 210-165.3 = 44.7 Kpa

Entrpy increase Sy Sx = R ln P0x/P 0y

= 0.287 ln 210/165.3

= 0.00686KJ/Kg K
Ans.