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A

REPORT ON
INDUSTRIAL TRAINING
(13th June 2011- 22nd July 2011)
AT
DOORDARSHAN KENDRA , Lucknow
Submitted In Partial Fulfilment Of
B.Tech Degree
In
Electronics & Comm. Engg.
Of
F.E.T R.B.S COLLEGE
Bichpuri,Agra
BY
RAHUL KUMAR SHUKLA

Preface
This report is a brief introduction about Doordarshan, enclosing the
topics that deal with all types of applications & with various aspects
related to new researches.
I hope, this report will be extremely expedient for grasping the basic
knowledge of various fields of communication.
The suggestions and constructive criticism for the improvement of
the report will be greatly acknowledge and appreciated for further
improvements.

About DDK

Doordarshan is the public television broadcaster of India and a


division of Prasar Bharti, and nominated by the Government of
India. It is one of the largest broadcasting organizations in the
world in terms of the infrastructure of studios and transmitters.
Doordarshan Kendra is a milestone in the field of entertainment
and education media source.
DDK, Delhi has the Largest Programmes recording Studio in
the Asia. They Broadcast 30 channels in 22 languages over the
country.
AIR and Doordarshan aims to provide information, education and
entertainment for the public. Its network of 1400 terrestrial
transmitters cover more than 90.7% of India's population.

Acknowledgement
The happiness that accompanies the successful completion of any task
would not be completed without the expression of thanks to all those
who helped me throughout my training.
So, with reverence honour. I acknowledge those whose guidance and
encouragement has made it possible. I wish to express my unlimited
gratitude and thanks to all the respected members of DOORDARSHAN
KENDRA, Lucknow for teaching and guiding us.

Index
Sections
1. Earth station
2. TV Studio
Procedure in recording
Procedure in Transmission
TV Camera
Lightening
Microphones
Video Chain
Audio Chain
Vision Mixer

3. PAL System
Color television
Delay line PAL-PAL Demodulator

4. MSR
Introduction
Audio Console

5. OB/DSNG Van
Introduction
OB Van
DSNG Van
Parts Description

EARTH
STATION

INTRODUCTION
An earth station, ground station, or earth terminal is a terrestrial terminal
station designed for extraplanetary telecommunication with spacecraft, and/or
reception of radio waves from an astronomical radio source. Earth stations are
located either on the surface of the Earth, or within Earth's atmosphere. Earth
stations communicate with spacecraft by transmitting and receiving radio
waves in the super high frequency or extremely high
frequency bands (e.g., microwaves). When an earth station successfully
transmits radio waves to a spacecraft (or vice versa), it establishes
a telecommunications link.
When a satellite is within an earth station's line of sight, the earth station is said
to have a view of the satellite. It is possible for a satellite to communicate with
more than one earth station at a time. A pair of earth stations are said to have a
satellite in mutual view when the stations share simultaneous,
unobstructed, line-of-sight contact with the satellite.

Earth station involves the two terms which are basically the important parameters of the
communication i.e. UPLINK & DOWNLINK.
UPLINK: The process of gathering any informative part & sending it to the satellite, running on
specified frequency is termed as UPLINK. The uplink frequency is 5950MHz.

DOWNLINK: The process by which satellite sends the received signals to the
controlling stations is termed as DOWNLINK. The downlink frequency is 3725MHz.
.

TV

Studios

Doordarshan-Delhi has four studio halls. One is used as News Room and the others are used
for shooting various programs. Artificial sets are created in the studio hall according to requirements
of the program to be shooted. The four studios are named as:
>Studio Big
> Studio Small
> Studio Medium
> Studio Large
Procedure in recording
1. Set is designed in studio as per conceptual thought of program producer.
2. Floor plan is envisaged.
3. Lighting, Audio and placement of the cameras is arranged as per floor plan.
4. Pre testing of cameras, microphones, VCRs etc. is done before recording.
5. Recording begins and desired camera/mike are selected through VM/Audio console as per
command of producer. Program is recorded on VCR.
Procedure in Transmission
1. The programs are transmitted as per the daily cue sheet.
2. Normal transmission hours are 1600-2000Hrs.
3. Cue sheet is discussed daily by program and technical staff for details in it and for any last
moment changes if any.
4. After getting D-link caption from Delhi end program is played from VCR/Server. The program is
uplinked by Earth Station.
5. The program is also transmitted to transmitter at Pitampura via MW link. Then DD channels are
taken on air.
6. During our slot, both live as well as recorded programs are transmitted.

Video Signal Generation


Video is nothing but a sequence of pictures. The image we see is maintained in
our eye for 1/16sec. So if we see images at the rate more than 16 pictures/sec,
our eyes cannot recognize the difference and we see the continuous motion. In
movies camera and movie projector it is found that 24 fps is better for human
eyes. TV system could also use this rate but in PAL system 25fpm is selected.
In TV cameras image is converted in electrical signal using photosensitive
material. Whole image is divided into many micro particles known as pixels.
These pixels are small enough so that our eyes cannot recognize pixels and we
see continuous image. Thus, at any particular instance there are almost infinite
numbers of pixels that need to be converted in electrical signal simultaneously
for transmitting picture details. However this is not possible practical because it
is no feasible to provide a separate path for each pixel. In practice this problem
is solved by method known as Scanning in which information is converted one
by one pixel, line by line and frame by frame.

Color Composite Video Signals


Active waveform comprises of 2 signals:
Luminance (Y)-black and
white Chrominance (C)-colour signal

TV Camera
A TV Camera consists of three sections :
a) A Camera lens and optical block
b) A transducer or pick up device
c) Electronics
CAMERA LENS
The purpose of the camera lens is to focus the optical energy at the face plate of a pickup device
i.e. to form an optical image. The lens has following sections:
1. Main focus section
2. Zoom section with manual or servo mode operation
3. Servo drive assembly for Zoom and iris control
4. Aperture section with manual or auto mode
5. Back focus section with adjustment facilities for back and micro focus.

Object Side

1
2

Camera
Side

Lighting

Lighting for television is very exciting and needs creative talent. There is always a tremendous
scope for doing experiments to achieve the required effect. Light is a kind of electromagnetic
radiation with a visible spectrum from red to violet i.e. wavelength from 700nm to 3800nm
respectively.

Basic three pointing lighting:

Key light: It gives shape and modelling by a casting shadow. It is treated as a sun in the sky
and should cast only one shadow.
Fill light: Controls the lighting contrast by filling in shadows. It can also provide catch lights in
the eyes.
Back light: Separates the body from the background, gives roundness to the subject and
reveals texture.
Background lights: Separates person from the background and reveals background interest
and shape.

Lightening Equipments:

HMI lights : compared to standard incandescent lights deliver five times the light output
per watt. They generate less heat, which is an important consideration when shooting inside in
a confined space. (HMI stands for Hydrargyrum Medium Arc-length Iodide). The light on the left
side of this picture is a HMI light; the one on the right a standard quartz light.

Cycs: (large, seamless, neutral backgrounds) can be lit from the top and bottom with
cyclights.The one here sits on the studio floor and is directed up at the background.

VIDEO CHAIN
The video we see at our home is either pre-recorded in studio or live telecasted. Block
diagram shown in fig illustrates different chains of video recording, video playback, news,
and live broadcasting. In First chain we will understand studio program recording.
Camera output from the studio hall is sent to CCU
where many parameters of video signals are controlled. Output signal of CCU
after making all corrections is sent to VM in PCR-1 (production control room). Output of
3 to 4 cameras comes here and final signal is selected here using VM
according to a directors choice.
Studio 1
(video camera)

CCU

PCR 1

VTR
Transmitter

Studio 2
(video camera)

PCR 2
(vision mixer)

MSR

Earth Station

The final signal from VM is sent to VTR. VTR uses both analog and digital tape
recording system. At the time transmitting this pre recorded program cassettes
is played in to respective in VTR room. Signal from VTR is sent to PCR-2.
PCR-2 has one VM, video monitoring system, and CG (Computer Graphics).
From PCR-2, signal travels from MSR to Transmitter or Earth station for
terrestrial and satellite transmission. MSR is the main control room between
studio and transmitter or receiver.

AUDIO CHAIN
In studio program, audio from studio microphones is directly fed to the AUDIO CONSOLE place in
PCR-1. It is used to mix audio from different sources and maintain its output. From AC, signal is
directly recorded on tape with video signal in VTR. While playing back audio is extracted from tape
and fed to another audio console placed in PCR-2 and then travels with the video signal.

Pre-

Program

PrePreVTR
CD/VCD

Audio distan.
Ampl.

VTR

FOR

Audio
console

Outside
Satellite
MW link

Program Ampl.

ADA

MSR
MSR
MW
FEED

Vision Mixer
Vision mixer is the almost final equipment in programme (video) production and its
output is used either for recording or transmission. Vision mixing is the process of
providing a composite signal from various input sources. It has many input sources
such as cameras, VCR/server, Graphics, IRDs. Out of these i/p, any source can be
taken on o/p.
It is used to switch or cut between 2 video sources, or to combine them in a variety
of ways.
There are two types of mixing:
> Additive mixing &
> Non additive mixing

PAL System
(Phase
Alternating Line)

The Colour Television


It is possible to obtain any desired colour by mixing three primary colours
i.e., red, blue and green in suitable proportion. Thus it is only required to
convert optical information of these three colours to electrical signals and
transmit it on different carriers to be decoded by the receiver. This can then
be converted back to the optical image at the picture tube. The phosphors
for all the three colours i.e. R, G and B are easily available to the
manufacturers of the picture tube. So the pick up from the cameras and
output for the picture tube should consists of three signals i.e. R, G and B.
It is only in between the camera and the picture tube of the receiver we
need a system to transmit this information.

PAL ENCODER
PAL encoder instead of reversing the phase of V component on every
alternating line, it has been found much easier to change the phase of carrier
modulating the R-Y component by 180 degree every alternate line. This
switching is controlled by the H/2 oscillator i.e., by a 7.80 kHz PAL Indent pulse.
The block diagram of PAL encoder explains a system having the following
steps:1) Add R G B to generate Y, R-Y & B-Y
2) Modulate R-Y by SC at 90o for line n and 270 o for line n+1. Switching of SC
phase is controlled by 7.80 kHz, switching pulse.
3) Modulate B-Y by SC at 0o phase.
4) To generate SC with V switching information i.e. either at 135/225o (burst)
each alternate line. (Swinging burst)
5) Generation of pulse called PAL-indent signal of 7.80 kHz.
6) Generating of burst gate or K pulse to define the parking space for burst at
the back porch.
7) Adding of 2, 3, 4, Y and sync to generate CCVS i.e., colour composite Video
signal as Encoder output.

PAL - Decoder
PAL decoder is a reverse of encoding process. The objectives of recovering R
G & B from the received signal is achieved in the following steps:
1) Y & S is recovered by decoding video & using LPF and Sync separator
circuit of receiver.
2) Chroma is separated by using BPF ( centre at 4.43 MHz)
3) Chrome is keyed or gated to get back the burst i.e. SC by using K - Pulse.
4) L.O. 4.43 MHz is phase locked with the recovered burst to make it of same
phase as that of the transmitted one.
5) 4.43 MHz SC is processed further to get the same pulse at 90 degree phase
as well.
6) Modulated chroma is demodulated by these two SC at 0 & 90 degree. This
will retrieve U & V components.
7) Phase of the V component is restored back to normal by using the
concerned information from the transmitted burst.
8) U & V are demodulated back to R-Y & B-Y.
9) Y, R-Y & B-Y are mixed to retrieve R G B which will control the three grids of
picture tube.

Master
Switching Room
(MSR )

Master switching room (MSR) is used for transmission media. It is the engineering coordination centre of activity for selecting & routing the signal from various sources to
transmitter and earth station. It is a room where all different sources from the outside
studio comes first here and enroots transmission to different destination like transmitter
& earth station. This room comprises of Routine switcher, Stab amplifier, Video/Audio
distribution amplifier etc. It is the heart of the studio.
Most of the switching electronics are kept here e.g. camera base stations, switcher
mainframe, SPG, Satellite receivers, MW link, DDA & most of the patch panels. Signal is
routed through MSR. Signal can be monitored at various stages.
This section is equipped with a 64X64 Digital Routing Switcher where all the signals
from Studio-A, Studio-B, Transmitter, Earth Station, OB Van signal, DSNG etc are routed
to various areas as per requirements for recording/transmission. One OFC link between
MSR and Earth Station has also been installed.

AUDIO CONSOLE
It has many input sources such as microphones, VCR / server, IRDs, tone generators.
Out of these i/p, any source can be taken on o/p. Audio level of Sources can be adjusted
and audio effects can be added.

OB / DSNG VAN

Introduction
Outside broadcasting is the production of television or radio programmes
(typically to cover news and sports events) from a mobile television studio.
This mobile control room is known as an "Outside Broadcasting Van", "OB
Van", "Scanner" (a BBC term), "mobile unit", "remote truck", "live truck", or
"production truck". Signals from cameras and microphones come into the
OB Van for processing and transmission

OB VAN
OB Van is equipped with 8 numbers of Thomson TTV 1657 Digital CCD cameras, 16
input versatile vision mixer ROSS Synergy with various special effects. 16 channel
Sound Craft make audio mixer with facility of individual channel equalization and limited.
In addition to the above, one computerized MOVE CG for supering titles. Two nos. of
broadcast quality VCR having slow motion (TTV3575p), two nos. of Recording VCRs
and one EVS make Live slow motion hard disc recording system is also installed. One
Long haul microwave link is also available with OB Van.

DSNG VAN
The mobile DSNG Van is equipped with 400 W TWT of Xycom and Tandberg E5500
encoder in 1+1 mode along with up convertors / down convertors of ADVENT and base
band equipments. The DSNG van can be operated in both C or Ku band and it has the
unique dual band waveguide in it. The system is operational since November 2002 The 2
meter antenna system is of advent make having the auto tracking facility controlled
through laptop computer and can track any satellite in very short period automatically. It
has a GPS system with flux gate compass etc used for auto tracking of satellites. The
vehicle mounted DSNG Van supplied through BECIL is used in live coverages for up
linking.

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