REAL

NUMBERS
By
G.Shreya
Sagarika
N.Ramanika
Sankirthana
Class-X A

Real Numbers is the set of all numbers each of which

correspond to a point on the number line.
The rational numbers combined with the irrational numbers
make up the set of real numbers.
REAL NUMBERS

rational numbers
integers
whole numbers
counting
numbers

irrational
numbers

Rational Numbers the set of all numbers that can be expressed as

a quotient of integers
Irrational Numbers the set of all numbers that correspond to
points on the number line but that are not rational numbers. That is,
an irrational number is a number that cannot be expressed as a
quotient of integers.
R e a l N u m b e r S y s te m
- 1 8 , - 1 /2 , 0 , s q r t 2 , p i, 4 7 /1 0
Ir r a tio n a l N u m b e rs
p i, s q r t 7

R a tio n a l N u m b e r s
-3 5 , -7 /8 , 0 , 5 , 2 7 /1 1

N o n in te g e r R a t io n a l N u m b e r s
-1 4 /5 , 9 /1 0 , 3 0 ,1 3

In te g e r s
-1 0 , 0 , 8

N e g a tiv e In t e g e r s
-2 0 , -1 3 , -1

W h o le N u m b e r s
0, 2, 56, 198
Z e ro
0

N a tu r a l N u m b e rs o r
P o s it iv e I n t e g e r s
1, 16, 170

History of Real Numbers

Euclidwas an ancient Greek
mathematician who lived in
the Greek city Alexandria in
Egypt during the 3rd century
BC
Euclid is often referred to as
the 'father of geometry' and
his bookElementswas used
well into the twentieth century
as the standard textbook for
teaching geometry.
Euclids division Algorithm
commonly known as Division
Lemma was first recorded in
his Book-VII of Elements

Carl Friedrich Gauss

Johann Friedrich Carl Gauss, more
commonly known as Carl Friedrich
Gauss,
was
a
German
mathematician, widely known as
one of the greatest mathematicians
in history.

Carl Friedrich Gauss is often

referred to as the Prince of
Mathematicians .

He made crucial contributions to

geometry, statistics, number theory,
planetary astronomy, the theory of
functions, potential theory, optics
and geophysics.

Euclids Division lemma:

Euclids division lemma, states that for any two positive
integers a and b we can find two whole numbers q and r
such that a = b q + r where 0 r < b.
Euclids division lemma can be used to find the highest
common factor of any two positive integers and to show
the common properties of numbers.

Euclids Division lemma:

The following steps to obtain H.C.F using
Euclids division lemma:
1.Consider two positive integers a and b such that a > b. Apply
Euclids division lemma to the given integers a and b to find
two whole numbers q and r such that, a = b x q + r.
2.Check the value of r. If r = 0 then b is the HCF of the given
numbers. If r 0, apply Euclids division lemma to find the new
divisor b and remainder r.
3.Continue this process till the remainder becomes zero. In that
case the value of the divisor b is the HCF (a , b). Also HCF(a ,b) =
HCF(b, r).
4.Euclids division algorithm can also be used to find some
common properties of numbers.

Finding the HCF of 4052 and 12576 using Euclids algorithm.

Step 1 : Since 12576 > 4052, we apply the division lemma to
12576 and 4052, to get 12576 = 4052 3 + 420
Step 2 : Since the remainder 420 0, we apply the division
lemma to 4052 and 420, to get 4052 = 420 9 + 272
Step 3 : We consider the new divisor 420 and the new
remainder 272, and apply the division lemma to get 420 = 272
1 + 148
We consider the new divisor 272 and the new remainder 148,
and apply the division lemma to get 272 = 148 1 + 124.
We consider the new divisor 148 and the new remainder 124,
and apply the division lemma to get 148 = 124 1 + 24

Finding the HCF of 4052 and 12576 using Euclids algorithm.

We consider the new divisor 124 and the new remainder
24, and apply the division lemma to get 124 = 24 5 + 4
We consider the new divisor 24 and the new remainder 4,
and apply the division lemma to get 24 = 4 6 + 0
The remainder has now become zero, so our procedure
stops.
Since the divisor at this stage is 4, the HCF of 12576 and
4052 is 4.
Notice that 4 = HCF (24, 4) = HCF (124, 24) = HCF (148,
124) = HCF (272, 148) = HCF (420, 272) = HCF (4052, 420)
= HCF (12576, 4052)

The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic

The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic says that every composite number
can be factorised as a product of primes. It says that given any composite
number it can be factorised as a product of prime numbers in a unique
way, except for the order in which the primes occur. This method is also
called prime factorisation method.
We are going to use Factor Tree method to demonstrate this theorem.
Factor Trees are a visual representation of a number as a combination of its
prime factors. They are helpful in determining the prime factorization of a
number.
The best way of explaining a Factor Tree is to begin with a picture below.This
is a factor tree of the number of 72, and it is developed branch by branch
starting from the top.

 Finding HCF and LCM using Prime Factorising Method

Finding the highest common factor (HCF) & the lowest common
multiple (LCM) of 24 and 60.
Write as a product of its prime factors means to write the
number as a multiplication sum using only prime numbers. We
do this by using a prime factor tree.

Finding HCF and LCM using Prime Factorising Method

The HCF of 24 and 60 is found by comparing the prime factors and
multiplying the numbers common to both lists.
24
60

=
=

2
2

x
x

2
2

x
x

3
3

So the HCF of 24 and 60 is 2 x 2 x 3 = 12.

The LCM of 24 and 60 is found by multiplying together all

the prime factors of both numbers. However if a number
occurs in both lists we only count it once.
24
60

=
=

2
2

x
x

2
2

x
x

2
.

3
3

So the LCM of 24 and 60 is 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 x 5 = 120

Revisiting Irrational Numbers

The rational numbers combined with the irrational numbers
make up the set of real numbers

A number s is calledirrationalif it cannot be written in the

form p/q where p and q are integers and q 0. Some
examples of irrational numbers, are :
2, 3, 15 , , -2/3 , 0.10110111011110..., etc.
Proof that 3 2 is irrational
Solution : Let us assume, to the contrary, that 3 2 is rational
That is, we can find coprime a and b (b 0) such that 3 2 = a/b
Rearranging, we get 2 = a/3b
Since 3, a and b are integers, a/3b is rational, and so 2 is rational.
But this contradicts the fact that 2 is irrational
So, we conclude that 3 2 is irrational.

Revisiting Rational Numbers and Their Decimal Expansions

Rational numbers have either a terminating decimal expansion
or a non-terminating repeating decimal expansion.
Consider the following rational numbers :
(i) 0.375 (ii) 0.104 (iii) 0.0875 (iv) 23.3408
OR
(i) 0.375 = 375/1000 = 375 /103
(ii) 0.104 = 104/1000 = 104 /103
(iii) 0.0875 = 875/10000 = 875 /104
(iv) 23.3408 = 233408/10000 = 233408 /104
They can all be expressed as rational numbers whose
denominators are powers of 10.
(i) 0.375 = 375 /103= (3x53) / (23x53) = 3 / 23
(ii) 0.104 = 104 /103= (13x23) / (23x53) = 13 / 53
(iii) 0.0875 = 875 /104= 7 / (24x5)
(iv) 23.3408 = 233408 /104= (22x7x521) / 54