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Amplifiers
Operational Amplifiers
AnOperational Amplifier, or op-amp for short, is
fundamentally a voltage amplifying device designed to
be used with external feedback components such as
resistors and capacitors between its output and input
terminals. These feedback components determine the
resulting function or operation of the amplifier and by
virtue of the different feedback configurations whether
resistive, capacitive or both, the amplifier can perform
a variety of different operations, giving rise to its name
of Operational Amplifier.
+V
cc
Input 1
V
in
Input 2
R ~inf
Output
-V R ~0
cc
out
v
1
Voltage
controlled
voltage source
IC Product
OFFSET
NULL
N.C.
-IN
+IN
DIP-741
OUTPUT A
V+
-IN A
OUTPUT
+IN A
OFFSET
NULL
7 OUTPUT B
V+
-IN B
5 +IN B
Applications
Audio amplifiers
Speakers and microphone circuits in cell phones, computers, mpg players,
boom boxes, etc.
Instrumentation amplifiers
Biomedical systems including heart monitors and oxygen sensors.
Power amplifiers
Analog computers
Combination of integrators, differentiators, summing amplifiers, and
multipliers
Mode of Operation
Single-Ended Input
+
~ Vi
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
+ terminal : Source
terminal : Ground
0o phase change
Ref:080114HKN
+ terminal : Ground
terminal : Source
180o phase change
7
Mode of Operation
Double-Ended Input
Differential input
Vd V V
~ V1
~
Ref:080114HKN
between Vo and Vd
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
Distortion
+V =+5V
cc
+5V
0
5V
V =5V
cc
Ref:080114HKN
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
Mode of Operation
Common-Mode Operation
+
Same voltage source is applied
at both terminals
Ideally, two input are equally
amplified
Output voltage is ideally zero
due to differential voltage is
zero
Practically, a small output
signal can still be measured
Ref:080114HKN
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
Common-Mode Rejection
Vd V V
Common voltage input :
1
Vc (V V )
2
Output voltage :
Vo G d V d G cVc
Gd : Differential gain
Gc : Common mode gain
Ref:080114HKN
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
Noninverting
+
Input
Output
Inverting
Input
CMRR
Gd
G
20 log 10 d (dB)
Gc
Gc
Note:
When Gd >> Gc or CMRR
Vo = GdVd
11
Op-Amp Properties
(1) Infinite Open Loop gain
-
V1
V2
Vo
i1~0
i2~0
Vo
Rout
Vo' +
Vload
Rload
Rload
Vo
Rload Rout
12
Frequency-Gain Relation
1
0
fc
f1
(frequency)
GB Product : f1 = Gd fc
Ref:080114HKN
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
13
GB Product
Example: Determine the cutoff frequency of an op-amp having a
unit gain frequency f1 = 10 MHz and voltage differential gain Gd
= 20V/mV
(Voltage Gain)
Sol:
Since f1 = 10 MHz
Gd
0.707Gd
? Hz
By using GB production
equation
f1 = Gd fc
fc = f1 / Gd = 10 MHz / 20 V/mV
= 10 106 / 20 103
= 500 Hz
Ref:080114HKN
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
10MHz
1
0
fc
f1
(frequency)
14
Practical
105
Bandwidth BW
10-100Hz
>1M
10-100
Depends only
on Vd =
(V+V)
Differential
mode signal
CMRR
Ref:080114HKN
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
Depends slightly
on average input
Vc = (V++V)/2
Common-Mode
signal
Vin
+ AVin
Ideal op-amp
Zout=0
Vin
Zin
Vout
Practical op-amp
Zout
~
Vout
AVin
10-100dB
15
Ideal Op-Amp
Applications
Analysis Method :
Two ideal Op-Amp Properties:
(1) The voltage between V+ and V is zero V+ = V
(2) The current into both V+ and V termainals is zero
For ideal Op-Amp circuit:
(3) Write the kirchhoff node equation at the noninverting
terminal V+
(4) Write the kirchhoff node eqaution at the inverting
terminal V
(5) Set V+ = V and solve for the desired closed-loop gain
Ref:080114HKN
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
16
Non-inverting
Amplifier
(1)
(2)
Rf
Ra
Rf
Setting V+ = V yields
Vi Vi Vo
0
or
Ra
Rf
Ref:080114HKN
in
(3)
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
Rf
Vo
1
Vi
Ra
17
Inverting Amplifier
Rf
0
yields,
Ra
Rf
Vin
Ref:080114HKN
Ra
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
Ra
V ~
in
Multiple Inputs
(1) Kirchhoff node equation at
V+ yields,
V 0
Rf
Va
Vb
Vc
Ra
Rb
Rc
V Va V Vb V Vc
0
Ra
Rb
Rc
(3) Setting V+ =
c V
Va V Vyields
V
j
Vo R f
b c R f
j a R j
Ra Rb Rc
Ref:080114HKN
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
19
Op-Amp Integrator
C
+5V
0
100s
10 k
+5V
0
0.01F
Vo(max)=10 V
0
-5V
-10V
Ref:080114HKN
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
20
Op-Amp Differentiator
R
0
to
C
t1
t2
t1
to
dVi
vo
RC
dt
Ref:080114HKN
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
21
t2
Assignment
Make a research on the following:
Op-amp:
1. Maximum Ratings
2. Electrical Characteristics
3. Input Parameters
4. Output Parameters
5. Dynamic Parameters
6. History timeline of Op-amp
.To be hand-written on short bond paper and be submitted next meeting!
End!!!