Foundation

Foundation: The structure, that

transmits the load of the building to
the soil
Choosing a kind of foundation depends on:
the ground conditions
the groundwater conditions
the site, the environment (the buildings
nearby)
the structure of our building

TYPES OF FONDATIONS
1.

SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
WALL FOUNDATION (Strip
footing)
ISOLATED COLUMN
FOUNDATION ( Spread
footing)
COMBINED FOUNDATION
MAT OR RAFT
FOUNDATION
Strap Foundation

2. DEEP FONDATIONS
PILE FOUNDATIONS
UNDER-REAMED PILE
WELL FOUNDATIONS

Wall foundation
A strip footing is provided for a load bearing wall and also
provided for a row of columns which are so closely spaced that
their spread footings overlap or nearly touch rach other.

FOUNDATION
TRENCH
SAND OR PEIECES OF
BRICKS etc..,

Isolated (Spread) footing

A spread footing foundation, which is typical in
residential building, has a wider bottom portion than
the load-bearing foundation walls it supports. This
wider part "spreads" the weight of the structure over
more area for greater stability.
The design and layout of spread footings is controlled
by several factors, foremost of which is the weight
(load) of the structure it will support.
These

foundations

are

common

in

residential

construction that includes a basement, and in many

commercial structures. But for high rise buildings they
are not sufficient.

COLUMN

FOOTING

PCC

ISOLATED COLUMN
FOUNDATION

Spread Footings: (a) Square, (b) Rectangular, (c) Wall (Strip) and
(d) Circular

 A spread footing which changes elevation in several

places in a series of vertical "steps" in order to follow
the contours of a sloping site or accommodate
changes in soil strata, is termed a stepped footing.

COMBINED FOOTING

Combined footings
Two or more columns are supported on a reinforced concrete
footing. They are often used where one of the columns is
located along a property line and its not possible to extend
the spread footing beyond the edge of the building. When the
columns are very near to each other so that their footings
overlap.
When the bearing capacity of the soil is less, requiring more
area under individual footing.
When the end column is near a property line so that its
footing canot spread in that direction.

R C C SLAB

COMBINED FOOTING

MAT FOUNDATION
It is most suitable foundation when the soil
at the site proposed for the construction of a
structure is erratic, soft clay, made up
ground or marshy land with low bearing
capacity.
Mat foundation is constructed of RCC slab
covering the whole area of the bottom of the
structure. The slab is provided with steel
reinforcing bars in both directions. When
column loads are heavy, the main beams
and secondary beams are provided
monolithically with raft slab.

Raft
foundatio

MAIN BEAM
R C C SLAB
PCC BED
SECTION ALONG AA

COLUMN

MAIN BEAM

SECONDARY
BEAM

MAT FOUNDATION

Strap ( Cantilever footing)

Two isolated footings connected with
a structural strap or a lever

Grillage foundation
A type of foundation often used at the base of a column. It consists of one,
two or more tiers of steel beams superimposed on a layer of concrete,
adjacent tiers being placed at right angles to each other, while all tiers are
encased in concrete.
This is dependable foundation and is used in those place where the load of
the structure is pretty and bearing capacity of soil comparatively poor.
The grillage foundation helps in distributing the load over a wider area of
subsoil.

The grillage foundation helps in avoiding deep excavations as the

necessary base area is provided for the load of transmission.

This type of foundation generally used for heavy structure columns piers
and steel stanchions etc.

Grillage
foundation

Masonry
Masonry is the building of structures from individual units laid
in and together by mortar; the term masonry can also refer to
the units themselves. The common materials of masonry
construction are
Brick
Stone
Marble
Granite
Limestone
Cast Stone
Concrete Block
Glass block
Stucco, and Tile.

Definitions of terms Used in masonry

1.Course:A course is a horizontal layer of bricks or stones.
2.Bed:it is the surface of stone perpendicular to the line of pressure.
It indicates the lower surface of bricks or stones in each course.
3.Back: the inner surface of a wall which is not exposed is called the
back. The material forming the back is known as backing.
4.Face: The exterior of wall exposed to weather is known as face. The
material used in the face of the wall is known as facing.
5.Hearting: It is the interior portion of a wall between the facing and
backing.
6.Side: it is the surface forming the boundary of bricks or stones in a
direction transverse to the face and bed.
7.Joint: It is the junction of two or more bricks or stones. If the joint is
parallel to the bed of bricks or stones in a course then it is termed as
bed joint. The joint which are perpendicular to the bed joints are
termed as vertical joints or side joints or simply joints.

 8.Header: it is a brick or stone which lies

with its greatest length at right angles to the
face of the work.. in case of stone masonry
header is sometimes known as through stone.
The course of brick work in which all the
bricks are laid as headers is known as header
course.
9.Stretcher: it is a brick or a stone which
lies with its longest side parallel to the face of
the work. The course of brick work in which
all the bricks are laid as stretchers is known
as stretcher course.
10.Bond: This is the method of arranging
bricks so that the individual units are tied
together. Bonding is essential to eliminate
continuous vertical joints both in body as well
as on the face of wall.
11.Spalls: these are the chips of stones used
for filling the interstices in stone masonry.

 12.Quoins: these are the stones used for the

corners ofwallsof a structure.
13.Bat: it is the portion of brick cut across the
width.( Three quarter bat, Bevelled bat)
14.Closer: it is the portion of the brick cut length
wise in such a manner that its one long face remains
uncut.
15.Queencloser: It is the portion of brick obtained
by cutting a brick length wise into two portions.
16.KingCloser: these are the portions of a brick
obtained by cutting off the triangular piece between
the center of one end and the center of one side.
17.BevelledCloser: it is that portion of a brick in
which the whole length of the brick is beveled for
maintaining half width at one end and full width art
the other.
18.Frog: it is an indentation or depression on the
top face of a brick made with the object of forming a
key for the mortars. This reduces the weight of the
brick also.
19.Plinth: it is the horizontal course of stone or
brick provided at the base of the wall above ground
level. It indicates the height of the ground level
above the natural ground level. It protects the
building from dampness.

 20.Plinth Course:It is the top most course of the

plinth masonry.
21.String Course:It is a horizontal projecting course
of masonry projecting out of the face of the wall for
shedding rain water off the face. It imparts an
aesthetic appearance to the structure and is generally
provided at every floor level.
22.Sill:it is a horizontal member of stone, concrete
orwood, employed for the purpose of shedding off
rain water from the face of wall immediately below the
window opening. It gives support to the vertical
members of a wooden window frame.
23.Lintel:it is a horizontal member of stone, brick,
wood, iron or RCC used to support the masonry or load
above an opening.
24.Jambs:these are the vertical sides of an opening
for doors and windows. These may be plain or splayed
or may be provided with recesses to receive the frames
of doors and windows.

 25.Reveals:These are exposed

vertical surfaces left on the sides of an
opening after the door or window
frame had been fitted in position
26.Cornice:It is a projecting
ornamental course near the top of a
building or at the junction of a wall and
ceiling.
27.Blocking Course:It is atop most
course of stone masonry provided
immediately above the cornice to
prevent the tendency of the cornice to
overturn. It also adds to the aesthetics
of the cornice.
28.Coping:It is a course placed upon
the exposed top of an external wall to
prevent the seepage of water.
29.Corbel: It is the extension of one
or more course of stone or brick from
the face of a wall to serve as a support
for wall plates.
30.Template:Pieces of stones placed
under the end of a beam to distribute
the load over a greater area.

STONE MASONRY

What is stone masonry?

Stone masonry is made of stone
units bonded together with mortar.

Classification of stone
masonry
1. Random rubble masonry

Random rubble masonry

The blocks of stones that are used are either undressed or comparatively roughly
dressed. The masonry has wide joints, since stones of irregular sizes are used.

Coursed

In coursed random
rubble masonry, the
masonry work is carried
out in courses such that
the stones in a
particular course are of
equal height.

 uncoursed

In this type of
masonry, the stones
used are of widely
different sizes. This
is the roughest and
cheapest form of
stone masonry.
In uncoursed random
rubble masonry, the
courses are not
maintained regularly.
The larger stones are
laid first and the
spaces between
them are then filled
up by means of

Square rubble masonry

Coursed
In this type of masonry,
stones having straight bed
and sides are used. The
stones are usually squared
and brought to hammer
dressed or straight cut
finish.
In the coursed square
rubble masonry, the work is
carried out in courses of
varying depth.

 uncoursed

In the uncoursed square rubble

masonry, the different sizes of
stones having straight edges and
sides are arranged on face in
several irregular patterns.

Polygonal rubble masonry

In this type of rubble
masonry, the stones are
hammer dressed. The
stones used for face
work are dressed in an
irregular polygonal
shape. Thus the face
joints are seen running
in an irregular fashion in
all directions.

Flint rubble masonry

In this type of masonry,
stone used are flints or
cobbles. These are
irregularly shaped nodules
of silica. The stones are
extremely hard. But they
are brittle and therefore
they break easily.

Rectangular paving stones with curved to

Dry rubble masonry

In this type of masonry,
mortar is not used in the
joints. This type of
construction is the cheapest
and requires more skill in
construction. This may be
used for non-load bearing
walls such as compound
walls, etc

ASHLAR MASONRY
1. ASHLAR FINE MASONRY
In this type Ashlar masonry,
each stone is cut to uniform
size and shape with all sides
rectangular, so that the
stone gives perfectly
horizontal and vertical joints
with adjoining stone. This
type of Ashlar masonry is
very costly.

Ashlar rough tooled

masonry
In this type of ashlar
masonry, the beds and
sides are finely chiseldressed. But the face is
made rough by means of
tools. A strip, about 25mm
wide and made by means of
chisel is provided around
the perimeter of the rough
dressed face of each stone.

Ashlar rock or quarry faced masonry

In this type of ashlar
masonry, a strip about
25mm wide and made by
means of chisel is provided
around the perimeter of
every stone as in case of
rough-tooled ashlar
masonry. The projections on
the exposed face exceeding
80mm in height are
removed by light
hammering.

Ashlar chamfered masonry

In this type of ashlar

masonry, the strip is
provided as below. But it
is chamfered or beveled
at an angle of 45
degrees by means of
chisel for a depth of
about 25mm.

Ashlar back in course

masonry
This is combination of
rubble masonry and ashlar
masonry. In this type of
masonry, the face work is
provided with rough tooled
or hammer dresses stones
and backing of the wall may
be made in rubble masonry.

Brick Masonry
b
r
i
c
k

mortar

Brick
Brick is a basic building unit which is
in the form of rectangular block in
which length to breadth ratio is 2 but
height can be different.
Traditional size

9''4" 3"
Modular size

20cm*10cm*10cm

Bonds In Bricks
The arrangement of bricks in brick work so that
the vertical joints do not come over each other.
Bonds in brick work is provided to achieve a
united mass as soon as practicable to suit the
length, height and thickness of brick work and
stresses to which it is subjected
To break the continuity of vertical joints and to
provide proper bond in brick masonry portion of
brick (closers or bats) are provided in
alternative courses.

BRICKS BONDING
Stretcher Bond
Header Bond
English Bond
Flemish Bond
Raking Bond
English Garden Wall Bond
Common / American Bond
Flemish Garden Wall Bond
Running Bond
Herringbone Bond

Header
A brick which is laid in a
way that only the short end
is visible in the wall

Stretcher
A brick which is laid
in a way that allows
only the longer side
of the brick to be
exposed.

Brick Bonds:
i. Stretcher Bond
ii. Header Bond
iii.English Bond
iv. Flemish Bond

I. Stretcher Bond
Stretcher/Common
Bond
Only used for walls of
half brick
thickness(partition
wall) , this is the only
practical bond which
can be used on a half
thickness wall such
as those used as
partition walls.

Header Bond
Header Bond also
known as Spanish
bond) was a very
common bond for
bearing walls. It is
composed of
header bricks, set
in rows that are
offset of a brick
as a quoin brick in
alternating
courses, which
produces a solid

English Bond
The strongest bond
This bond
maximizes the
strength of wall
Pattern on the face
of the wall shows
distinctive courses
of headers &
stretchers.

Flemish Bond

Not such a strong

as English bond
Decorative pattern
on face of the wall
shows alternate
headers &
stretchers in each
with the headers
centered under and
over stretchers in
adjacent courses.

 In this bond a queen

closer is provided after
every queen header in
the alternate courses to
break the continuity of
vertical joints.
Brick bats are to be
used for forming this
bond when thickness of
wall is multiple of half
brick.

Raking Bond
Herringbone and diagonal bonds can be
effective within an exposed framed
construction, or contained within
restraining brick courses.

English Garden Wall Bond

An alternative version of English bond
with header courses being inserted at
every fourth or sixth course. This is a
correspondingly weaker bond. Suitable
for free standing wall.

Common/ American Bond

A brickwork pattern in which all rows
are stretchers, except an eighth row of
headers

Flemish Garden Wall Bond

In this variant of Flemish bond, one
header is placed at every third stretcher

Running Bond
Consist of all stretchers no header
used in this bond so metal ties are
used Cavity wall construction &
veneered walls of brick.

Herringbone Bond
It is a purely decorative bond.
It is used in floor and wall panels.

 Wall

Strength and stability

Weather resistance
Durability
Fire resistance
thermal insulation
Sound insulation

Types of walls
Load bearing walls

solid masonry walls

Cavity walls
FACED WALLS
VENEERED WALLS

Non- Load bearing walls

Partition walls/ divide walls

Solid Walls
Masonry units laid close
together with all joints
filled solidly with mortar.
Solid walls are
structurally bonded by
metal ties, masonry
headers or by joint
reinforcement. Where
solid masonry walls are
used, insulation and
mechanical equipment
are often installed within
a furred space on the
interior side of the wall.
Below grade, insulation
is often placed on the
exterior side of the wall.

Veneered Walls
Masonry is used as a facing material. In
this case, the masonry does not act
structurally. It serves to perform as a
weather barrier and as a finish material.
Insulation and mechanical equipment is
normally located between studs.

Reinforced Masonry Walls

Similar to a reinforced concrete wall, a
reinforced masonry wall incorporates steel
to provide resistance to tension, shear,
and compression forces. Reinforcing bars
are placed vertically in walls and tied to
horizontal bars. Insulation and mechanical
equipment is placed similar to that in a
solid wall

Cavity Walls
A cavity wall is composed of two wythes of
either solid or hollow masonry separated
by a continuous air space, and bonded
together with metal ties or joint
reinforcement. The cavity offers important
advantages in areas of severe exposure:

Cavity Walls
The continuous air space
provides insulation value
and a place
where additional
insulation may be
installed.
The continuous air space
acts as a barrier to
moisture penetration.
In cavity walls, insulation
and mechanical
equipment are often
installed within the cavity,
or within a furred space
on the interior of the wall.

Brick house

Brick Positions:
Stretcher
Header
Soldier
Shiner
Rowlock
Sailor