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M.Amutharasan
Officer - PADC.
IOCL/BD_PADC/TM/014
Agenda
Additives Introduction
Why Additives in polymer?
Classification of Additives
(Mechanism, Function, Application )
Surface Property Modifiers
Processing Modifiers
Mechanical Property Modifiers
Chemical Property Modifiers
Aesthetic Property Modifiers
IOCL/BD_PADC/TM/014
Additives
Dhal
End Product
Masala
Polymer
Additives
End Product
IOCL/BD_PADC/TM/014
IOCL/BD_PADC/TM/014
Additives
Classificat
ion
Mechanical Property
Modifiers
Plasticizers
Impact modifiers
Fillers
Nucleating agents
Processing Modifiers
Surface Property
Modifiers
Slip Agents
Antiblocking agents
Lubricants
Antistatic agents
Antifogging agents
Processing Aid
Thickening agents
Heat stabilizers
Blowing agents
Antioxidants
Flame retardants
Odorants
Ultraviolet stabilizers
Nucleating agents
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Surface
Property
Slip Agents
Modifiers
Antiblocking agents
Lubricants
Antistatic agents
Antifogging agents
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Slip Additives
Why Slip
Slip Measurement
Example:
Important's of slip :
Steramides,
Erucamides
Oleamides
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Slip
Migration
Mechanism
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AntiBlocking:
Blocking
Adhesion between the film layer
Limestone
Natural Silica
Talc
Importantsof
ofAntiblock:
Antiblock:
Importants
Example:Slitting/Lamination
Slitting/Laminationmachine
machinespeed
speed
Example:
WithoutAntiblock
Antiblock==80
80meter/min
meter/min(Poor
(PoorQuality)
Quality)
Without
WithAntiblock
Antiblock=120
=120meter/min
meter/min(Good
(GoodQuality)
Quality)
With
Easyopening
openingpouch
pouchfor
formaterial
materialfilling
filling
Easy
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Mechanism
Antibloc
k
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Static Electricity:
Antistatic
Agent
Atoms can hold a positive or negative charge. If the material is an insulator ,this
charge can be held and not move.
Antistitic Agent:
Antistatic agents are used where charge build up on surfaces may cause
problems
Example:
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Applicati
Antistatic bag, used to contain devices, such as
ons of
graphics cards or hard disk drives.
Antistati
Antistatic garments, used in electronics,
c Agents
telecommunications and defense applications.
IOCL/BD_PADC/TM/014
Polymer
Antist
atic
Commonly Used Antistats
Agent
Polyethylene
Ethoxylated alkylamines,
(HDPE,LDPE,LLDPE)/PP
Glycerol monostearate
Lauric diethanolamide
Alkyl quatemary
Rigid PVC
Ammonium Chloride
Sodium alkyl Sulfonates
Sodium alkyl Sulfonates
Plasticized PVC
Glycerol monostearate
PET
Sodium alkyl Sulfonates
Polycarbonate
Sodium alkyl Sulfonates
Ethoxylated alkylamines,
Styrenics(ABS,PS,HIPS)
Sodium alkyl Sulfonates
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Antistati
c time):
i. Static decay time (or charge decay
Time required to dissipate
a certain fraction of an
Measure
applied 5 kV static charge & measured in seconds.
ments
ii. Surface resistivity
IOCL/BD_PADC/TM/014
Lubric
Lubricants reduce the frictional heating & shear between two
ants
surfaces.
Polymer : Polymer
Polymer : Metal
Polymer : Filler
Filler : Filler
Filler : Metal
Classification:
External Lubricant
Internal Lubricant
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Classification of Lubricants
External Lubricants
Typically provide lubrication between the
polymer and the metal surface of the
processing equipment.
Insoluble in polymer
Example:
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Lubricant
Internal Lubricants
s
Semi-Soluble in polymer
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Internal Lubricants
General
EffectsExternal
of Lubricants
Lubricants
Provide metal release
Promote flow
Lower HDT
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Lubricants
Advantages of Lubricant:
Application:
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Fogging:
Antifogging
Agent
Causes:
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Antifogging
Function of Antifogging Agent:
Agent
Antifogging agent that migrate to the surface both raising the surface
energy of the polymer and lowering the surface energy of any water
droplets.
IOCL/BD_PADC/TM/014
Chemical
Property
Antioxidants
Modifiers
Flame retardants
Ultraviolet stabilizers
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Antioxidant
Need of Antioxidants
Types of Antioxidant:
Discoloration
Loss of gloss
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Classification of Antioxidant
Primary
Effective way to protect the polymer during processing, especially when the polymer
undergoes multiple heat.
Phenolic-based additives
Secondary
This type of stabilization ensures performance over the life of the finished good.
Primary/Secondary Combination
Both primary and secondary antioxidants are often used in a combination. In this way, the
polymer is protected both during the processing step and throughout its service life.
IOCL/BD_PADC/TM/014
Application
of
Antioxidant
IOCL/BD_PADC/TM/014
Flame Retardants
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Flame-retardant
FRs Types:
Phosphorous-containing flame
retardants,
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Applica
Furniture
tion Of
Electrical &Electronics TV, Switch boards,computer,
copier, handhelds, toys FR
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UV
Ultraviolet (UV) stabilizers, that protect polymeric and other lightStabilizer
sensitive materials from degradation by sunlight and artificial
sources of UV light.
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UV Stabilizer
UV Radiation
IR Radiation
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Effect of UV Radiation
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Class
Classificati
on of UV
Stabilizer
Product
Benzophenones
Absorbers
Benzotriazoles
Aryl esters (salicylates, hydroxybenzoate)
Quenchers
Nickel organics
Screeners
carbon black,
Free-radical terminators
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Application
of UV
Stabilizer
IOCL/BD_PADC/TM/014
Processing
Modifiers
Blowing agents
Processing Aid
Slip agents
Lubricants
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Blowi
ng
Agent
The individual cells are allowed to grow into larger cell Third,
cell
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ozone
depletion)
Function:
The vaporization of the blowing agents generates the expansion of the polymeric
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Blowing Agent
Examples :
Azocarbonamide
Sodium bicarbonate
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Applicatio
Blowing agent is a key-component to obtain good insulation
n of
properties (low thermal conductivity).
Blowing
Agent
IOCL/BD_PADC/TM/014
Function of PPA:
Reduce die-buildup.
Application
Injection molding,
Profile extrusion,
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Die Build Up
Types:
An amide of a saturated or
unsaturated carboxylic acid.
Boron Nitride
With PPA no
die buildup
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Without
PPA- Melt
Narrow dies / high extrusion outputs brings high shear rates
fracture
Change of velocity at the die exit brings melt fracture (also
referred as sharkskin)
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IOCL/BD_PADC/TM/014
Mechanical
Property
Plasticizers
Modifiers
Nucleating agents
Fillers
Impact modifiers
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Plasticizers
PPVC-Application
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Plasticizer
Mechanism:
Plasticizer molecules reduce s
polymer-polymer interactive
forces and prevent the formation of a rigid network.
elongation
Examples
Phthalates
Trimellitates
Phosphates etc.
Extrusion of plasticized PVC are used to make garden hose,
medical tubing , auto floor mats, gaskets and wire insulation
IOCL/BD_PADC/TM/014
Why Nucleators?
Nucleati
ng
agent/
Clarifiers
Faster crystallization rate allows for higher productivity in molding and extrusion
processes.
Overall percent crystallinity of the polymer improves the stiffness & heat
deflection temperature
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Nucl
eatin
g
agent
IOCL/BD_PADC/TM/014
Advanges:
Nucleating agent
Example:
Sodium,lithium salts.
films
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Fillers
Fillers are added to polymers mainly to reduces cost and
improve the properties of the material.
Particle Shape
Chemical composition
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Fillers Dispersion
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Why Fillers?
Properties
Effects
Advantages
Thermal Stability
Stiffness
Tear Resistance
Reduces Flammability
Printability
Disadvantages
Processability
Strength
Moisture Barrier
Printability
Improves Opacity
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Fillers
Applicati
on
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Impact
Modifier
Mechanism
Craze propagation
The principle is to disperse impact modifiers into the brittle matrix, a
dampening phase capable to absorb energy and stop craze propagation.
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Applicati
on of
Impact
Modifier
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Coloran
ts
Classification:
Pigments
Dyes
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Pigments
Colorant
s-
Pigments
Master Batches
Classification:
Application:
IOCL/BD_PADC/TM/014
Colorants
Dyes
Dyes Example:
Anthraquinones
Perinones
Application:
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Colorant
Most common white pigments:
s
Titatiumtitatiumdioxide(TiOdioxide(TiO2) and Barium Sulphate,
Lithopone)
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Pigments
Applications
Thermoplastics,
Lacquers,
Cosmetic articles,
Baking varnish,
Glass,
Synthetic resins.