UCCN 2013

Network Switching &

Routing
(Lecture 01)
Ethernet Overview

Brief Development History of

Ethernet
IEEE802.3 Ethernet standard
10G Ethernet
IEEE802.3u 100BASE-T Fast Ethernet
IEEE802.3z/ab 1000Mb/s Gigabit Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet
IEEE802.3ae 10GE Ethernet
100M Fast Ethernet
Shared turn to LAN switch
10M Ethernet
Ethernet
1970s

1980s

1990s

1992

1996

2002

Shared Ethernet Transmission

Media
10Base5: A thick coaxial cable. The 5 refers to a maximum
transmission distance of 500 meters.

10Base2: A thin coaxial cable . The 2 refers to a maximum

transmission distance of 185 meters.

Shared Ethernet Medium

10Base-T: twisted-pair

Twisted wire pair

RJ45

scarfskin

STP Twisted wire pair

UTP Twisted wire pair

Pin Order of Category 5

Twisted-pair
Side 1

Straight Cable

12345678

12345678
Side 2
Side 1

12345678

Crossover Cable

12345678
Side 2

Side 1
1=white/orange
2=orange
3=white/green
4=blue
5=white/blue
6=green
7=white/brown
8=brown

Side 1
1=white/orange
2=orange
3=white/green
4=blue
5=white/blue
6=green
7=white/brown
8=brown

Side 2
1=white/orange
2=orange
3=white/green
4=blue
5=white/blue
6=green
7=white/brown
8=brown

Side 2
1=white/green
2=green
3=white/orange
4=blue
5=white/blue
6=orange
7=white/brown
8=brown

Device Medium
Relationship
Host

Router

Switch
(MDI_X)

Switch
(MDI)

Hub
(MDI_X)

Host

Cross

Cross

Straight

N/A

Straight

Router

Cross

Cross

Straight

N/A

Straight

Switch
(MDI_X)

Straight

Straight

Cross

Straight

Cross

Switch
(MDI)

N/A

N/A

Straight

Cross

Straight

Hub
(MDI_X)

Straight

Straight

Cross

Straight

Cross

Medium Dependent Interface

MDI Medium Dependent Interface
Media Dependent Interface option
Allows port to auto sense cable type (straight or
Xover)
Command mdix auto supported on new Cisco
switches
By default on switches running Cisco IOS release
12.2(18)SE or later.

Huawei switches port at eNSP by default mdix

Standard Ethernet
Standard Ethernet 10Mbit/s defined
by IEEE 802.3
Standard Ethernet
10Mbit/s usually orients at access
layer

General View of 802.3 Cable

Standard

Cable type

Transmission distance

10BASE-5

Thick coaxial-cable

500m

10BASE-2

Thin coaxial-cable

200m

10BASE-T

Twisted-pair

100m

Fast Ethernet
Fast Ethernet is a LAN based technology with a
capability for data transmission rates of 100Mbps.
It can provide higher bandwidth for terminal
users, servers and server groups.
IEEE802.3u is defined by IEEE as the standard
for Fast Ethernet supporting two medium types.
Twisted-pair
Fiber

General View of Fast

Ethernet
standard

Cable type

Transmission
distance

100BaseTX

EIA/TIA category 5 (UTP) Unshielded Twisted

Paired 2pair

100m

100BaseT4

EIA/TIA category 3, 4, 5 (UTP) Unshielded

Twisted Pair (4pair)

100m

100BaseFX

Multiple mode fiber (MMF)

Single mode fiber (SMF)

550m-2km

>2km

Gigabit Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet is the extension of the IEEE802.3
standard, for which transmission speeds of 1Gbps are
achieved.
Two standards are defined:
IEEE802.3z (fiber and copper cable)
IEEE802.3ab twisted-pair

General View of Gigabit Ethernet

standard
1000BaseT

Cable type
Copper EIA/TIA type
5 UTP Unshielded Twisted Paired 4 pair

1000BaseCX

Copper Shielded Twisted Pair

1000BaseSX

Multiple mode fiber, 50/62.5um fiber, uses

laser which wavelength is 850nm

1000BaseLX

Single mode fiber, 9um fiber, uses laser

which wavelength is 1300nm

Transmission
distance
100m
25m
550m/275m
2km-15km

10G Ethernet
Standards for 10G include IEEE
802.3ae (fiber), IEEE 802.3ak (copper
cable) and IEEE 802.3an twistedpair
Mainly applied between core nodes over
backbone networks

General View of 10G Ethernet

Cable
standard

Cable type

Transmission
distance

10GBASE-SR/SW

Multimode fiber, 62.5/125um fiber or 50/125um

fiber

2m-300m

10GBASE-LR/LW

Multimode fiber, 62.5/125um fiber or 50/125um

fiber; single mode fiber, 10/125um fiber

2m-10km

10GBASE-ER/EW

10/125um fiber

2m-40km
Multiple mode
300m, single
mode 10km

10GBase-LX4

Multimode fiber, 62.5/125um fiber or 50/125um

fiber; single mode fiber, 10/125um fiber

10GBase-CX4

coaxial copper cable

15m

Twisted-pair copper cable

100m

10GBase-T

Working Principle of L2
Switch

Review: Ethernet Frame

Preamble (7 bytes) & Start Frame Delimiter Fields (1 byte)
The Preamble and SFD fields are used for
synchronization and to get the attention of the receiving
nodes.

Destination MAC Address Field (6 bytes)

The address in the frame is compared to the MAC
address in the device. If there is a match, the device
accepts the frame.

Source MAC Address Field (6 bytes)

It identifies the originating NIC or interface. Switches use
this address to add to their lookup tables.

Length/Type Field (2 bytes)

Length of field or Layer 3 protocol

Data and Pad Fields (46 to 1500 bytes)

It contain the encapsulated data from a higher layer,
which is a generic Layer 3 PDU. Frame less than 64
bytes is padded

Frame Check Sequence Field (4 bytes)

The receiving device receives the frame and generates a
CRC to look for errors. If the comparison does not match
the FCS contents, frame is discarded

Ethernet Frame
Structure
DMAC
6

SMAC
6

Length/Type

DATA/PAD

46 1500

Length/Type value

Ethernet_II

802.3

FCS

Meaning

Length/T > 1500

Represents type

Length/T <= 1500

Represents length

Ethernet_II Frame Structure

DMAC

SMAC

Type

DATA/PAD

0800

IP datagram

0806

ARP request/response

8035

RARP request/response

FCS

802.3 Frame Structure

DMAC

SMAC

Length

DSAPSSAPCTRL ORG
CODE
1

In an 802.3 frame, there is

a three-byte 802.2 LLC
and a five-byte 802.2
SNAP header.

DATA/PAD

FCS

TYPE DATA
2

38 1492

0800 IP datagram
0806 ARP request/response
8035 RARP request/response

Ethernet Device Addressing

Hosts need a Data Link layer address
Physical address burned in to NIC ROM
48 bits in length and displayed in
Hexadecimal

Uses for MAC Destination

Address
Unicast
Frame is destined for a specific node on local
segment

Broadcast
Frame is destined for all nodes
All Fs in Hex and all 1s in Binary

Multicast
Frame is destined for a group of nodes
Group membership is defined at upper layers

Source MAC
Learning

Source MAC Learning

Step 1. Broadcast frame from PC 1 on Port 1.
Step 2. Switch learns the source MAC address on Port 1
and adds to the address table.
Step 3. Switch floods the broadcast frame to all ports,
except the port on which it received the frame.
Step 4. PC 2 replies to the broadcast with a unicast frame
addressed to PC 1.
Step 5. . Switch learns the source MAC address on of PC
2 and adds to the address table. The destination address
of PC 1s frame and its associated port is found in the
MAC address table.
Step 6. The switch can now forward unicast frames
between PC1 and PC 2devices without flooding.
Note: broadcast frames will always be flooded

Forwarding Based on the

Destination MAC

MACD MACA

MAC address

port

MACA

MACB

MACC

MACD

......

Port 1

MACD

MACA
Port 2

......

L2 Switch Principles
Frame Input

unicast
Lookup
address table

Destination
MAC address

Not matched

broadcast
Frame flooding
(except source port)

matched
Forwarding frame
(except source port)

Page 26

Switch Forwarding Methods

Store-and-Forward

Forwards only after it receiving full frame

Delay lies on frame length
Switch check error, the error packet will be discarded
Low error but most latency

Cut-through Switching
Best performance but more errors
2 types of Cut-Though Switching
Fast Forwarding
Forward the frame as soon as it receives destination MAC address.
Low delay
No error check

Fragment Free Forwarding

Switch receives/read the first 64 bytes of the frame, then performs a
lookup up of the address table by header and forwards
Switch check the first 64 bytes, if it finds error, the packet will be
discarded.

Store-and-Forward
Switching

Cut-Through Switching

Fragment free switching is a modified form of cut-through

switching - the switch waits for the collision window (64 bytes) to
pass before forwarding the frame.

Layer 2 and Layer 3 Switching

Layer 2 LAN switching
A Layer 2 LAN switch performs
switching and filtering based only
on the OSI data link layer (Layer
2) MAC address.

Layer 3 LAN switching

A Layer 3 switch can also use IP
address information. Configured
with routing tables and can use
dynamic routing protocols.
Note: hardware based forwarding on a switch is
faster than software based forwarding on router

Ethernet Port Technology

Duplex Communication

Switch Port Settings

Switch Port Settings

Ports can be configured to auto or
manually set for speed, duplex, flow
control, mdix etc.
Command

Purpose

speed {10 |100 | 1000 |auto}

Enter the speed parameter for the port.

duplex {full |half | auto}

Enter the duplex parameter for the port.

flowcontrol {receive | send} {on |

Configure the flow control mode for the port.
off | desired}
mdix auto

Enable auto-MDIX on the interface.

Switch Port Settings

Auto (default for UTP) - negotiates half/full
duplex with connected device.
Full sets full-duplex mode
Half - sets half-duplex mode
Auto is fine if both devices are using it.
Potential problem if switch uses it and other
device does not. Switch defaults to half.
Full one end and half the other errors.

Auto-MDIX Feature
When auto-MDIX is enabled, the interface
automatically detects cable is straight
through or crossover and configures the
connection appropriately.
To use this command, the interface speed
and duplex must be set to auto.
Depends on IOS version
Enabled by default from 12.2(18)SE on
Disabled from 12.1(14)EA1 to 12.2(18)SE
Not available in earlier versions

Flow Control
Standard Ethernet
Fast Ethernet

Congestion

Gigabit Ethernet

Half-duplex

Full-duplex

Backpressure

PAUSE frame

Half-duplex Flow Control

100Mbps server sends data to a 10Mbps
client PC through the switch, the switch will
try its best to catch frames until its cache is
nearly full.

100Mbps

backpressure

10Mbps
Emulate collision to prevent
the cache from overflowing

Full-duplex Flow Control

IEEE802.3x standard defines a new method,
to handle flow control with full-duplex mode.
Switch creates a PAUSE frame, using
reserved multicast address: 01-80-C2-00-0001. the switch sends the frame to the traffic
source, when it is received, the receiver will
pause or stop sending.
Since a PAUSE frame uses a reserved
multicast address, it wont be forwarded by a
bridge or switch, thus PAUSE frame wont
create add-on information.

Full-duplex Flow Control

Application situation of PAUSE function:
Simple point to point network, between two
terminals
A switch and a terminal
The link between switches

PAUSE frame realizes very simple flow

control