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Agenda
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Evolution of Technology
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Typical 2G Architecture
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GSM 2G Architecture
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Wireless definitions
PLMN
A Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) is established and operated by an administration or
Recognized Private Operating Agency (RPOA)
The PLMN infrastructure is logically divided into
1.
Core Network (CN)
2.
Access Network (AN)
Access Network (AN)
1.
BSS in 2G systems (BTS, BSC)
2.
RNS in 3G systems (NodeB, RNC)
The Core Network (CN) is divided into
1.
Circuit Switched domain
2.
Packet Switched domain
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PLMN
Circuit Switched (CS) domain
Access Network BTS, BSC
Core Network - MSC, VLR, HLR, GMSC, SMSC
Packet Switched (PS) domain
Access Network BTS, BSC
Core network - SGSN, GGSN
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GSM Architecture
Access Network
1.
BTS
2.
BSC
Core Network
1.
MSC
2.
HLR
3.
VLR
4.
AuC
5.
EIR
6.
SMSC
7.
GMSC
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Mobile services switching center (MSC) The MSC performs the telephony switching
functions of the system. It controls calls to and from other telephone and data systems.
The Mobile-services Switching Centre (MSC) constitutes the interface between the radio
system and the fixed networks.
The MSC performs all necessary functions in order to handle the circuit switched
services to and from the mobile stations.
The Mobile-services Switching Centre is an exchange which performs all the switching
and signalling functions for mobile stations located in a geographical area designated as
the MSC area.
Does radio resource management
Does switching, routing of calls
Is involved in charging
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Home location register (HLR) The HLR is a database used for storage and management
of subscriptions. The HLR is considered the most important database,
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supplementary services; the HLR contains the parameters attached to these services ;
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Visitor location register (VLR) The VLR is a database that contains temporary
information about subscribers that is needed by the MSC in order to service visiting
subscribers.
The VLR is always integrated with the MSC.
When a mobile station roams into a new MSC area, the VLR connected to that MSC will
request data about the mobile station from the HLR.
Later, if the mobile station makes a call, the VLR will have the information needed for
call setup without having to interrogate the HLR each time.
The VLR stores the following information
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the
the
the
the
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Authentication center (AUC) A unit called the AUC provides authentication and
encryption parameters that verify the user's identity and ensure the confidentiality of
each call. The AUC protects network operators from diferent types of fraud found in
today's cellular world.
The Authentication Centre (AuC) is an entity which stores data for each mobile
subscriber to allow the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) to be
authenticated and to allow communication over the radio path between the mobile
station and the network to be ciphered.
The Authentication Centre (AuC) is associated with an HLR, and stores an identity key
for each mobile subscriber registered with the associated HLR. This key is used to
generate:
data which are used to authenticate the International Mobile Subscriber Identity
(IMSI);
a key used to cipher communication over the radio path between the mobile station
and the network
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Equipment identity register (EIR) The EIR is a database that contains information
about the identity of mobile equipment that prevents calls from stolen, unauthorized, or
defective mobile stations. The AUC and EIR are implemented as stand-alone nodes or as
a combined AUC/EIR node.
The Equipment Identity Register (EIR) in the GSMsystem is the logical entity which is
responsible for storing in the network the International Mobile Equipment Identities
(IMEIs), used in the GSM system.
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If a network delivering a call to the PLMN cannot interrogate the HLR, the call is routed
to an MSC. This MSC will interrogate the appropriate HLR and then route the call to the
MSC where the mobile station is located. The MSC which performs the routing function
to the actual location of the MS is called the Gateway MSC (GMSC).
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SMS Architecture
SC
<
1.
SMS-GMSC /
SMS-IWMSC
<
>
3.
MSC/SGSN
>
<
5.
MS
>
<
<
4.*
2.
HLR
VLR
SC Service Centre
SMS-IWMSC SMS Interworking MSC
SMS-GMSC Gateway MSC for SMS
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Service Centre (SC): function responsible for the relaying and storeandforwarding of a
short message between an SME and an MS
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SMS Services
Short Message Mobile Terminated
SM MT denotes the capability of the GSM/UMTS system to transfer a short message
submitted from the SC to one MS, and to provide information about the delivery of the
short message either by a delivery report or a failure report
Short Message Mobile Originated
SM MO denotes the capability of the GSM/UMTS system to transfer a short message
submitted by the MS to one SME via an SC, and to provide information about the delivery of
the short message either by a delivery report or a failure
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3G Rel 99 Architecture
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3G Architecture
Access Network
Universal Terrestial Radio Access Network
Radio Network Systems (RNS) or UTRAN
1.
Node B
2.
Radio Network Controller RNC
Core Network
1.
MSC Server (UMTS)
2.
HLR
3.
VLR
4.
GMSC
5.
SMSC
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Data capability
GSM
9.6/14.4 kbps
CDMA
9.6/14.4 kbps
GPRS
128 Kbps
EDGE
384Kbps
WCDMA
CDMA2000
2 Mbps indoors
144 kbps vehicular
384 outdoors
2 Mbps indoors
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Wireless Technologies
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Access Network
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Frequency re-use
Assume 832 channels available
Divide into 4 sets = 832/4 = 208 channels per cell
For N cells in the system total capacity = 208N (instead of 832)
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Frequency reuse
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Cell boundaries
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Bluetooth
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Bluetoothis the name given to a new technology using short-range radio links,
intended to replace the cable(s) connecting portable and/or fixed electronic devices. It is
envisaged that it will allow for the replacement of the many propriety cables that
connect one device to another with one universal radio link. Its key features are
robustness, low complexity, low power and low cost. Designed to operate in noisy
frequency environments, the Bluetooth radio uses a fast acknowledgement and
frequency hopping scheme to make the link robust. Bluetooth radio modules operate in
the unlicensed ISM band at 2.4GHz, and avoid interference from other signals by
hopping to a new frequency after transmitting or receiving a packet. Compared with
other systems in the same frequency band, the Bluetooth radio hops faster and uses
shorter packets.
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Bluetooth stack
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Bluetooth stack
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The Radio layer defines the requirements for a Bluetooth transceiver operating in the
2.4 GHz ISM band.
TheBasebandlayer describes the specification of the Bluetooth Link Controller (LC)
which carries out the baseband protocols and other low-level link routines.
The Link Manager Protocol (LMP) is used by the Link Managers (on either side) for link
set-up and control.
The Host Controller Interface (HCI) provides a command interface to the Baseband
Link Controller and Link Manager, and access to hardware status and control registers.
Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP) supports higher level protocol
multiplexing, packet segmentation and reassembly, and the conveying of quality of
service information.
The RFCOMM protocol provides emulation of serial ports over the L2CAP protocol. The
protocol is based on the ETSI standard TS 07.10.
The Service Discovery Protocol (SDP) provides a means for applications to discover
which services are provided by or available through a Bluetooth device. It also allows
applications to determine the characteristics of those available services.
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Bluetooth Features
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Why WiFi ?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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802.11b
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Been around the longest, well-supported, stable, and cost efective, but runs
in the 2.4 GHz range that makes it prone to interference from other devices
(microwave ovens, cordless phones, etc) and also has security disadvantages
Has 11 channels, with 3 non-overlapping, and supports
rates from 1 to 11 Mbps, but realistically about 4-5 Mbps
Uses direct-sequence spread-spectrum technology
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802.11g
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802.11a
Completely diferent from 11b and 11g.
1. Flexible because multiple channels can be combined for faster throughput and more
access points can be collocated
2. Shorter range than 11b and 11g
3. Runs in the 5 GHz range, so less interference from other devices
4. Has 12 channels, 8 non-overlapping, and supports rates from 6 to 54 Mbps, but
realistically about 27 Mbps max
5. Uses frequency division multiplexing technology
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Security in WiFi
Data Security/Encryption
Third Party solution - Fortress
Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA)
Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP)-Shared key
Access
WPA/WEP
MAC Authentication MAC address control
Attack Denial of Service
Client Protection
Antivirus/Firewall
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Questions ?
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Quiz 3
1. The Core Network (CN) consists of CS domain and PS domain
a. True
b. False
2. The Access Network in 2G does not include
a.
BSC b. BTS c. MSC d. RNC
3. The 2G CS domain does not include
a. MSC b. HLR c. AuC d. SGSN
4.Which is not true of the HLR
a. It is a Database b. It stores IMSI, features and services c. It is involved routing of
calls from PSTN d. Does switching and routing
5. Which is not true of EIR
a. Stores IMEI
b. Used to determine if equipment is stolen c. Is a database
d. Does radio resource management
6. A GMSC
a. Will query HLR for call from PSTN b. Does switching and routing c. Connected to
PSTN d. All of the above
7. Which is true SGSN
a. Does packet routing & transfer b. Does mobility management c. Does charging d. all of
the above
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Quiz 3
8. Which is not true of the speeds
a. GSM 64 Kbps b. GPRS 115 kbps c. EDGE - 384 Kbps d. 3 G 2 Mbps
9. A SC in a SMS network is used for storing and forwarding SMS messages
a. True
b. False
10. The Access Network of a 3G Architecture consists of
a. MSC, HLR, VLR
b. RNC, Node B c. SGSN, GGSN d. AUC, EIR
11. Assume spectrum is 30 Mhz and channel bandwidth is 30 Khz then number of users is
a. 833
b. 1000 c. 500
d. Cannot say
12. Which is not true of Bluetooth
a. Uses 2.4 GHz
b. Uses TDMA with TDD
c. Range 1 Km d. Gross Data rate
of 1 km.
13. L2CAP is not used for
a. QoS
b. Segmentation
c.Reassembly
d. Link serup and tear
down
14. Security in WiFi networks uses
a. WPA
b. WEP
c. MAC Authentication
d. All of the above
15. MSCs use packet switching technology
a. True
b. False
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Agenda Session 4
Call flows and Advanced wireless concepts
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BTS
BSC
MSC
HLR
BTS
BTS
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f1 - downlink
FDD
f2 - uplink
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TDD
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Signal strength
Must be strong enough between base station and mobile unit to maintain
signal quality at the receiver
Must not be so strong as to create too much co-channel interference with
channels in another cell using the same frequency band
Fading
Signal propagation efects may disrupt the signal and cause errors
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GSM Architecture
The interface between the BTS and BSC is known as the A-bis interface
MSC One or more BSCs are connected to MSC. The MSC is a switch the node that controls
call setup, call routing and many of the functions provided by the standard
telecommunication switch
VLR is a database that contains subscriber related information for the duration that a
subscriber is in the coverage area of an MSC. The MSC and VLR are in the same
platform,
The interface between the BSC and MSC is known as A-interface
This is a SS7 based interface using the SCCP. Above this is the BSS Application Part
(BSSAP) which is the protocol for communicating between the BSC and the MSC.
Since the MSC communicated with the BSC and the MS the BSSAP is divided into two parts
the BSSMAP (BSS Management Application Part) and the Direct Transfer Application
Part (DTAP)
BSSMAP are messages to BSS
DTAP messages are passed transparently thro the BSS to the NS`
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GSM Architecture
HLR The Home Location register contains subscriber data such has the details
the subscriber has subscribed to . Associated with the HLR ios the
authentication center (AuC). This is the network element that contains the
subscriber specific authentication data such as the secret key
For a given subscriber using a random number generated by the AuC and
passed to the SIM via the HLR., MSC and ME.
The SIM performs the calculation using the Ki and the authentication algorithm.
If the result os the calculation by the SIM matches that in AuC then the
subscriner has been authenticated
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GMSC
When a call from a PSTN it arrives at a type of MSC known as the GMSC.
The GMSC queries the HLR to determine the location of the subscriber
The response from the HLR indicates to the GMSC when the subscriber may be
found
The call is forwarded by the GMSC to the MSC serving the subscriber
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Broadcast Channels
Frequency correction channel (FCCH) used for frequency correction of the MS
Synchronization channel (SCH) Broadcast by BTS and is used for mobile station for frame
synchronization
Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) Broadcast general information
Common Control Channel (CCCH)
Paging channel used for paging of the mobiles
Random Access Channel (RACH) Only used in uplink. It is used to allocate to MS a Stand
alone dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH) or directly to a Traffic Channel (TCH)
Access Grant Channel (AGCH) used in the downlink in responswe to a access request
received on the RACH
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BCCH/CCCH/
SDCCH
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TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
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TCH
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Location Area
Location Area (LA)
A GSM network is divided into cells. A group of cells is considered a location
area. A mobile phone in motion keeps the network informed about changes in
the location area. If the mobile moves from a cell in one location area to a cell
in another location area, the mobile phone should perform a location area
update to inform the network about the exact location of the mobile phone.
Home Location Register (HLR)
The HLR maintains a database for the mobile subscribers. At any point of
time, the HLR knows the address of the MSC VLR that control the current
location area of the mobile. The HLR is informed about a location area
update only if the location area change has resulted in a change of the MSC
VLR.
Mobile Switching Center - Visitor Location Register (MSC VLR)
The MSC VLR is responsible to switching voice calls and it also keeps track of
the exact location area where the mobile user is present. Note that a typical
MSC VLR will service several location areas.
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Location Update
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
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When the MS is switched on it must camp on a suitable cell. This involves scanning
the air interface to select a cell with a suitably strong signal and decoding the
informationbroadcast by the BTS on the BCCH
The MS makes a channel request on the RACH with a cause as Location Updating
The BSS allocates an SDCCH for the MS to use. It instructs the MS to move to the
SDCCH by sending an immediate assignment message on the AGCH
The MS then moves the SDCCH and send the location updating message. This
contains the location area identity and the mobile identity. The mobile identity is
either the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) or the Temporary Mobile
Subscriber Identity (TMSI).
This is sent through the BSS to the NSC
On receipt of the IMSI the NSC.VLR attempt to authenticate the subscriber.
If the MSC does not have authentication information then it request the HLR using
the MAP operation Send Authetication Info.
The HLR AuC sends the MAP Return Result with up to five authentication vectors
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Location Update
Known as triplets. Each triplet contains a random number (RAND) and a signed response
(SRES)
9.
The MSC sends an Authentication request to the MS. This contains the RAND.
10.
The MS performs the same calculations as were performed by the HLR/AuC and
send the Authentication response containing the SRES parameter.
11.
The MSC/VLR check rto make sure that the SRES from the MS matches the SRES
from HLR/AuC
12.
If a match is made then the MS is authenticated
13.
At this point the MSC/VLR use te MAP Operation Update Location to inform the HLR
of the subscriber location.
14.
The HLR immediately sends a Cancel Location message to the VLR to remove anty
previous location
15.
VLR deletes any previous data
16.
HLR uses a MAP operation to Insert Subscriber data to VLR
17.
VLR acknowledges receipt of information
18.
HLR sends a return result of the MAP Update Location
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Location Update
19.
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On receipt of the return result the MSC sends a DTAP message Location
Updating Accept to the MS
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MSC/VLR
HLR/AuC
MSC/VLR
Channel Request
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MSC/VLR
HLR/AuC
MSC/VLR
Clear Complete
Channel release
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MSC/VLR
PSTN
CM Service Request
Service request MO call
Complete Layer 3
Authentication Request
Authentication Response
Setup
Call Proceeding
Assignment Request
Assignment Command
Assignment Complete
Assignment Complete
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PSTN
MSC/VLR
IAM
ACM
Alerting
ANM
ANM
Connect Acknowledge
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The MS confirms release of the call by sending aRelease(REL) message on the FACCH,
which is forwarded to the MSC.
The MSC sends eRelease Complete(REL_COM) message through the BSS to the MS. As
far as call control (CC) is concerned, the connection has been terminated.
The MS still has a TCH assigned to it, so the BSS sends aChannel Release(CHAN_REL)
message to the MS. This releases the radio resource on the Air Interface.
The MS responds be sending a finalDisconnectmessage and returns to idle.
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MSC/VLR
HLR
GMSC
PSTN
IAM
IAM (MSRN)
Paging
Paging Request
Channel Request
Immediate Assignment
Paging Response
Paging Response
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MSC/VLR
HLR
GMSC
PSTN
Call confirmed
Assignment request
Assignment command
Assignment complete
Alerting
ACM
ACM
Connect
ANM
ANM
Connect Acknowledge
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SMS-MO
1. The mobile station transfers the short message to the MSC.
2. The MSC queries the VLR to verify that the message transfer does not
violate the supplementary services invoked or the restrictions imposed on the
subscriber.
3. The MSC sends the short message to the SMSC using
theforwardShortMessage operation.
4. The SMSC delivers the short message to the SMC.
5. The SMSC acknowledges the successful outcome of
theforwardShortMessage operation to the MSC.
6. The MSC returns the outcome of the short message operation to the
mobile station.
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SMS-MO
SC
SMS-IWMSC
SGSN
MSC
MS
VLR
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SMS-MO
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SMS-MT
1.The Short message is transferred from SC to SMS-GMSC
2.SMS-GMSC queries the HLR(SRI) and receives the routing information for the mobile
subscriber (SRI-ACK).
3. The SMS-GMSC sends the short message to the MSC using the forwardShortMessage
operation(FSM).
4. The MSC retrieves the subscriber information from the VLR. This operation may include
an authentication procedure.
5. The MSC transfers the short message to the mobile station.`
6. The MSC returns the outcome of the forwardShortMessage operation to the SMSGMSC(FSM-ACK).
7. If requested by the SMC, the SMSC returns a status report indicating delivery of the
short message.
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SMS-MT
SC
SMSC-GMSC
HLR
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SGSN
MSC
MS
VLR
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SMS-MT
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Handover
A handover (aka handof) is the process by which a call in progress is transferred from one
radio channel in the same cell or diferent cell.
A handover can occur
Within a cell
Between cells of the same BTS
Between cells of different BTS of same BSC
Between cells of diferent BSC
Between cells of diferent MSCs
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MSC/VLR
Target
BSS
Measurement Report
Measurement Report
Handover Request
Handover Request
Handover Request Ack
Handover Command
Handover Command
Handover Access
Handover Detect
MS tunes to new
channel
Handover Complete
Handover Complete
Clear Command
Clear Complete
Measurement Report
Measurement Report
Measurement Report
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Hand-of scenario
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Handof/handover
Base station A
Base station B
Base station A
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Base station B
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The SGSN authenticates the GPRS mobile by sending a RAND value (a random
value).
The SIM applies secret GSM algorithms on the RAND and the secret key Ki to obtain
the session key Kc and SRES.
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DNS Server
Radius
server
GGSN
DHCP
server
Attach request
Authenticate request
(RAND)
Authenticate response
(SRES)
Attach accept
Attach complete
Activate PDP Context
APN
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UTRAN
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN)
The UTRAN consists of the Radio Network Controller (RNC) and Node B which is the base
station
The RNC is analogous to the GSM BSC
The Base station is equivalent to the Node B
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PSTN
PSTN PSTN
CS
MGW
Mc
GMSC
server
GGSN
Nb
MSCserver
VLR
AuC
Gn
Gr
Gs
Nc
SGSN
MSCserver
Mc
Mc
CSMGW
EIR
VLR
Gc
HLR
Nc
PSTN
Gp
CN
Nb
CSMGW
Gb
IuPS
IuCS
RNS
BSS
BSC
Abis
BTS
Iur
RNC
RNC
Iub
BTS
NodeB
cell
Um
NodeB
Uu
ME
SIMMEi/f
SIM
or
Cu
USIM
MS
113
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Node B
RNC
Softswitch
HLR
Node B
Node B
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Softswitch
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Signaling
&
Control
T
D
M
Line
Interfaces
Time
Slot
Interchange
SS7
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SS7
Application
Servers
Packet
Line
Interfaces
Monolithic
(Control + Bearer Integrated)
Proprietary Interfaces
Inefficient Resource Utilization
Limited Scalability
Higher Operating Costs
Long Feature Development Intervals
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Signaling
&
Control
T
D
M
TDM
or
IP
Media
Gateway
Media
Gateway
TDM
or
IP
Disaggregated
(Control separated from Bearer)
Open Interfaces
Most Efficient Resource Utilization
High Scalability
Lower Capital / Operating Costs
Rapid Feature Development / 3rd Party
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IMS Architecture
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IMS is a framework of network nodes that use SIP signaling and an all IP core.
Access agnostic. The network can be accessed by Fixed lines, mobiles, PDA etc
Promises rich services like voice, data, video conferencing, real time gaming etc
Uses the GPRS network
Uses DIAMETER for AAA and database access
Allows for Fixed Mobile Convergence
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IMS Network
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Market conditions
Highlights
1. Annual IP traffic will exceed a
zettabyte in 4 years by 2012 (10 21)
2. Internet video (Youtube, DVD sharing
,IPTV) account for 30% of IP traffic
3. Video communication and dynamic
video will increase the burden on the
network
4. Global IP traffic will double every two
years to 2010 and beyond
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3.5 G
High Speed Downlink Packet Data Access (HSDPA)
Enhanced modulation scheme over WCDMA with throughput of 14.4 Mbps
Uses 16 QAM in addition QPSK
High Speed Uplink Packet Data Access (HSUPA)
Enables uplink of 1.4 Mbps upto 5.76 Mbps
GSM
GPRS
WCDMA
Rel 99
HSDPA
Rel 5
HSUPA
Rel 6
EDGE
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LTE Network
Elements
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LTE Technologies
LTE uses OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) for lower latency and
better spectral efficiency
Uses MIMO (Mulitple In Multiple Out) LTE uses several transmit & receive paths
reducing interference with increase in spectral efficiency and throughput.
Flatter architecture Fewer Network elements in the LTE Evolved Packet Core(EPC). This
results in lower latency because of lesser number of hops as compared to 3G. Absence
of RNC like Network Element(NE).
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Year
Standards
Technological evolution
1.
1999
3GPP Rel 99
2.
2001
3GPP Rel 4
3.
2002
3GPP Rel 5
4.
2005
3GPP Rel 6
Higher speeds
5.
2007
3GPP Rel 7
6.
2008
3GPP Rel 8
7.
2009
3GPP Rel 9
Enhancement to EPS
8.
2010
3GPP Rel 10
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Questions ?
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Quiz 4
1. A call from a PSTN to wireless network comes first to the
a. MSC
b. GMSC
c. HLR
d. VLR
2. The GMSC determines where to route the call by
a. Checking its VLR
b. Querying the HLR c. It knows where the mobile is d. none
of the above
3. GSM has been deployed in
a. 800 Mhz
b. 1800 Mhz
c. 1900 Mhz
d. 2.4 Ghz
4. Which is not an Air Interface channel
a. Broadcast channel
b. Control channel
c. Traffic channel
d. All
of the above
5. SDCCH is used for
a. SMS
b. For call establishment signaling c. both a & b d. None of the abover
6. How does a mobile inform its whereabouts
a. It is stored in HLR b. By doing a Location Update c. HLR is informed of location
changes d. Both b & c
7. While doing Location Update, authentication is done at AuC & Mobile
a. True
b. False
8. For Authentication MSC sends the mobile
a. RAND
b. SRES
c. Ki
d. All of the above
9. MS sends a channel request on
a. RACH
b. AGCH
c. SDCCH
d. TCH
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Quiz 4
10. Which of the following is true in a PSTN to mobile call
a. GMSC sends MSISDN to HLR b. HLR determines MSC/VLR from MSISDN c.
MSC/VLR sends a MSRN
d. all of the above
11. UMTS uses
1. TDMA with FDD
2. CDMA
3. WCDMA
4. FDMA with FDD
12. Softswitch separates bearer from control
a. True
b. False
13. Which is not true for softswitch
a. Uses time slot interchange b. uses media gateway c. does packet switching d.
none of the above
14. Which of the following is true for IMS
a. Uses SIP signaling b. Uses an IP Core c. Uses DIAMETER d. all of the above
15. LTE is made of the following
a. BTS, BSC, MSC
b. Node B, RNC, Softswitch
c. Node B, RNC, SGSN,
GGSN
d. eNodeB, MME, SGW, GGW
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Tinniam V Ganesh
tvganesh.85@gmail.com
Read my blogs: http://gigadom.wordpress.com/
http://savvydom.wordpress.com/
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