PRESENTED BY:

ABHILASH MAHAPATRA
REGN: 1201294142
GUIDED BY
Dr.

CONTENTS

WHAT IS POWER QUALITY

POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS

Steady State
Voltage Swell
Voltage Sag
Interruption
Harmonics
Voltage fluctuation
Power frequency variation

Long duration voltage variation

Over voltage
Under voltage

POWER QUALITY SOLUTIONS

D-STATCOM
DVR Dynamic Voltage Restorer

CONCLUSION
REFERENCES

POWER QUALITY
IEEE1100 defines power quality as the concept

of powering and grounding sensitive electronic

equipment in a manner suitable for the
equipment.
Any deviation from perfect sinusoidal waveform
that can result in failure or misoperation of
customer equipment.
Providing customers with clean sinusoidal

waveforms at 50 Hz without sags or spikes.

Providing power to allow sensitive electronic
equipment to operate reliably.

Why PQ is important?
Proliferation of highly sensitive computerized

equipment places more stringent demands on

PQ
Semiconductor industry
Computers and related business
Variable-Speed Drives / Robots
Programmable logic controllers

Electronic equipment results in more PQ

problems

Power Quality
Disturbances
Short duration voltage variation
Voltage Swell
Voltage Sag
Interruption
Harmonics
Voltage fluctuation
Power frequency variation

Long duration voltage variation

Under voltage
Over voltage

PQ disturbances & effects

Voltage Swell
as an increase in
rms voltage
between 1.1 and 1.8
p.u. at the power
frequency for the
duration 0.5 cycles
to 1 min.

Cause
system faults
switching off large
loads
Effects
Flickering of lighting
and screens.
Stoppage and
damage of sensitive
equipments if the
voltage values are
too high.
loss of data/stability

PQ disturbances & effects

Voltage Sag
as an decrease in
rms voltage
between 0.1 and 0.9
p.u. at the power
frequency for the
duration 0.5 cycles
to 1 min.

Cause
faults
connection of large

loads

Effects
Tripping of contactors

and electromechanical
relays.
Loss of data/stability
Process Interruption

Interruption
An interruption occurs when the supply

voltage or load current decreases to less than

0.1pu for a period of time not exceeding 1
min.
CAUSES : power system faults
equipment failure
control malfunction
EFFECTS: Tripping of protecting device
loss of information

Waveform Distortion:
Harmonics:
sinusoidal voltages or currents having frequencies that
are integral multiples of the fundamental frequency .
Method of characterizing:
Harmonic distortion
Total harmonic distortion
Causes: Nonlinear loads
Impacts:
Mal operation of sensitive equipment
fuse blowing
Telephone interference

Voltage Fluctuation
(flicker):
The impact of the voltage fluctuation on lamps

such that they are perceived to flicker by the

human eye. This is due to loads which exhibit
continuous, rapid variations in the load
current, particularly the reactive component.
Causes
Arc furnaces
Frequent start/sop of motor
Impacts
Lighting flicker
Maloperation of sensitive loads

Frequency Variation
The deviation of the power system
fundamental frequency from its specified
nominal value (e.g., 50 or 60 Hz).
Causes:
Poor speed regulations of local generation
Faults on the bulk power system
Large block of load being disconnected
Disconnecting a large source of generation
Impact :Equipment Failure

Long Duration Voltage

variation
Under voltage: Decrease in the rms value of
the voltage to less than90% at the power
frequency for a duration longer than one
minute.
Over voltage: Increase in the rms value of
the voltage to greater than 110% at the
power frequency for a duration longer than
one minute.
causes:
Switching on/off a large load.
Capacitor bank switching off/on.

POWER QUALITY
SOLUTIONS
D-STATCOM:
A D-STATCOM (Distribution Static

Compensator), consists of a two-level Voltage

Source Converter (VSC), a dc energy storage
device, a coupling transformer connected in
shunt to the distribution network through a
coupling
transformer.
The
VSC connected
in shunt with the ac system

an be used for up to three quite distinct purposes:

1. Voltage regulation and
compensation of reactive power;
2. Correction of power factor; and
3. Elimination of current harmonics.

D-STATCOM

DVR Dynamic Voltage Restorer

In the event of a voltage dip, the power electronic

converter injects the appropriate voltage required

into the supply bus to compensate for the sag. It
effectively acts as a buffer to the load and prevents
unacceptable disturbances.
A DVR would typically have sufficient energy storage
capacity to compensate a 50 per cent three-phase
voltage dip for up to 10 cycles, the period normally
required for fault clearance. Capacitors serve as the
energy storage device.

Harmonic Filters
A harmonic filter usually consists of a capacitor
which is connected in series with a reactor. The
components are dimensioned to create a series
resonance circuit for a required frequency. A
harmonic filter works like a short circuit at one or
more specified frequencies.

UNINTERRUPTED POWER SUPPLY(UPS)

ON LINE UPS
OFF LINE UPS
HYBRID UPS

UPS

CONCLUSION
Power quality problems can not be altogether
eliminated from system operation but perfect
analysis of system will give exact type and
depth of problems. Using these results
required corrective measures must be decided
and implemented which will lead to
minimization power quality disturbances and
perfect operation of power system.

REFERENCES
POWER QUALITY ANALYSIS AND MITIGATION BY

U.C.CHARLES
USING ACTIVE POWER FILTER TO IMPROVE POWER QUALITY
BY LUIS A MORAN AND JUAN W. DIXON
POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS AND NEW SOLUTION BY A. de
Almeida, L. Moreira , J. Delgado

BOOKS
ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS QUALITY BY
Roger C. Dugan/Mark F. McGranaghan
Surya Santoso/H. Wayne Beaty

Any questions???