MODULE 4

ELEMENTS OF PLUMBING

What is Plumbing?
Plumbing is the art and technique of installing
pipes, fixtures and other apparatuses in
buildings for bringing in the supply, liquids
substances and/or ingredients and removing
them; and such water, liquid and other carried
wastes hazardous to health, sanitation, life,
property, also the pipes and fixtures after
installation i.e., the plumbing system.
(Section 217.6 NPC 1999)

What is a Plumbing System?

Plumbing System includes all potable water
supply and distribution pipes, all plumbing
fixtures and traps; all sanitary and storm
drainage systems; vent pipes, roof drains,
leaders and downspouts, and all building drains
and sewers, including their respective joints and
connections; devices, receptacles, and
appurtenances within the property; water lines
in the premises; potable, tap, hot and chilled
water piping; potable water treating or using
equipment; fuel gas piping; water heaters and
vents for same. (Sec.217.12 NPC 1999)

What are the major components of the

Plumbing System?
The system constitute the following:
1. Water Supply & Distribution System
carries water from the water source, street main or a
pump to the building & to various points of use.

2. Plumbing Fixtures
The receptacles that receive the supplied water &
allow the building occupants to avail & use the water

3. Drainage, Waste & Vent

The piping network within the building which conveys
from the plumbing fixtures all wastes and rainwater
to a treatment facility & point of disposal.

TYPICAL PLUMBING
SYSTEM OF A TOILET AND
BATH

Who is the Plumber?

The Plumber is the one who works
or engages in the business of
installing in buildings the pipes,
fixtures and other apparatus for
bringing in the water supply and
removing liquid and waterborne
wastes.

What are the different categories of

Plumbers?
There are 3 categories of plumbers:
1. Apprentice Plumber a beginner at the trade who
usually serves for 3 to 5 years as a helper to a
journeyman.
2. Journeyman Plumber has served his
apprenticeship and is competent to perform the tasks of
installing and repairing the plumbing system.
3. Master Plumber a person technically and legally
qualified and licensed to practice the profession of
master plumbing without limitations in accordance with
R.A. 1378, having passed the examinations conducted
by the Professional Regulation Commission, has
received a Certificate of Registration from the Board of
Master Plumbing and possesses the current License to
Practice. (Sec. 214.5 NPC 1999)

What is the Plumbing Code?

The Plumbing Code is manifestation of
the right of the government to regulate the
practice of the plumbing profession based
on the principle of the protection of public
health.
The basic goal of the National Plumbing
Code of the Philippines is to ensure the
qualified observance of the latest
provisions of the plumbing &
environmental laws.

What are the basic principles that

govern the National Plumbing Code of
the Philippines?
There are 22 basic principles of the 1999
National Plumbing Code of the Philippines
which are updates of the tenets in the
Plumbing Law of the Philippines
approved on 18 June 1955 as amended
on 28 November 1959 and revised on 21
December 1999.
The basic principles are as follows:

Principle No. 1:
All premises intended
for human habitation,
occupancy or use
shall be provided with
a supply of pure and
wholesome water,
neither connected
with unsafe supplies
nor subject to hazards
of backflow or back
siphonage.

Principle 1 KEYWORDS:
Section 204.24
CROSS-CONNECTION any connection or arrangement, physical or
otherwise, between a potable water supply system and any plumbing fixture
or tank, receptacle, equipment or device, through which enables nonpotable, used, unclean, polluted, contaminated water or other substances to
enter into any part of such potable water system under any condition.
Section 203.1
BACKFLOW the flow of water or other liquids, mixtures
or substances into the distributing pipes of a potable
supply of water from any source other than from its
intended source.
Section 203.5
BACK-SIPHONAGE the flowing
back of used, contaminated or
polluted water from a plumbing
fixture or vessel into a water
supply due to a negative
pressure in such pipe.

BACKFLOW PREVENTION DEVICES, ASSEMBLIES and METHODS

202.6
AIRGAP, WATER DISTRIBUTION an unobstructed vertical distance
through the free atmosphere between the lowest opening from any pipe or
faucet conveying potable water to the flood level rim of any tank, vat or fixture.
Fixtures

When not
affected by side
walls

When affected
by side walls

Lavatories and other fixtures with effective

openings not greater than 13mm in diameter

25 mm

38 mm

Sinks, laundry trays, gooseneck bath faucets &

other fixtures with effective opening widths not
greater than 19mm in diameter

38 mm

57 mm

Over rim bath fillers and other fixtures with

effective openings not greater than 25mm in
diameter

51 mm

76 mm

Effective openings greater than 25mm in

diameter

2 x the diameter
of effective
opening

3 x the
diameter of
effective
opening

BACKFLOW PREVENTION DEVICES, ASSEMBLIES AND METHODS

603.2.2 ATMOSPHERIC VACUUM BREAKER (AVB) has an air inlet valve
that closes when the water flows in the normal direction. But, as water ceases
to flow the air inlet valve opens, thus interrupting the possible backsiphonage
effect.

603.2.3 DOUBLE CHECK VALVE BACKFLOW PREVENTION ASSEMBLY (DC)

603.2.4 PRESSURE VACUUM BREAKER BACKFLOW PREVENTION

ASSEMBLY (PVB) has an air inlet valve which is designed to open when
the internal pressure is 6.9 kPa (1 psi) above atmospheric pressure so that
non-potable will not be siphoned back into the potable water system. It
includes a check valve that is designed to close with the aid of a spring when
flow stops.

603.2.5 REDUCED PRESSURE PRINCIPLE BACKFLOW PREVENTION

ASSEMBLY (RP)

Principle No. 2:

Plumbing fixtures,
devices and
appurtenances shall
be supplied with
water in sufficient
volume & at a
pressure adequate to
enable them to
function satisfactorily
& without undue noise
under normal
conditions of use.

Principle 2 Keyword:
PRESSURE
607.1 Inadequate Water Pressure whenever the water pressure in the
main or other source of supply will not provide a water pressure of at least
103 kPa (15 psi) after allowing friction and other pressure losses, a hydro
pneumatic pressure tank or an elevated tank and booster pump will provide
103 kPa pressure.
607.2 Excessive Water Pressure when the local water pressure is in
excess of 551 kPa (80 psi), an approved-type pressure regulator preceded
by an adequate sized strainer shall be installed to reduce pressure on the
building side of the regulator to the required supply pressure.

Principle 2 Keyword:
PRESSURE
PROPER FLOW & PRESSURE REQUIRED DURING FLOW FOR DIFFERENT FIXTURES

FIXTURE FITTING

FLOW
PRESSURE

FLOW

kPa

PSI

GPM

LPS

Ordinary Lavatory Faucet

55

2.0

0.13

Self-closing Lavatory Faucet

83

12

2.5

0.16

Sink Faucet ( 9 mm )

69

10

3.5

0.22

Sink Faucet ( 12 mm )

35

4.5

0.28

Drinking Fountain Jet

55

0.75

0.05

Washing Machine / Dishwasher

55

4.0

0.25

Laundry Faucet

35

5.0

0.32

Bathtub Faucet

35

5.0

0.32

Shower Head ( 12 mm )

83

12

5.0

0.32

Ball Cock for Water Closet (Flush Tank)

104

15

3.0

0.19

Flush Valve for Water Closet ( 19 mm )

104

15

27.0

1.70

Flush Valve for Water Closet ( 25 mm )

172

25

35.0

2.21

Flush Valve for Urinal ( 19 mm )

104

15

15.0

0.95

Garden Hose,15m and Sill Cock

207

30

5.0

0.32

Principle 2 KEYWORD:
WATER HAMMER is a pressure surge or wave resulting when a fluid in
motion is forced to stop or change direction suddenly (momentum change).
Water hammer commonly occurs when a valve is closed suddenly at an end of
a pipeline system and a pressure wave propagates in the pipe. It may be
known as hydraulic shock.
This pressure wave can cause major problems from noise and vibration to pipe
collapse.

AIR CHAMBER is a space filled with air,

commonly to act as cushion or shock
absorber for equalizing the flow of liquid in a
pump or part of the hydraulic system

Principle No. 3:
Plumbing shall be
designed and
adjusted to use the
minimum quantity
of water consistent
with proper
performance and
cleaning.

Principle No. 4:
Devices for
heating and storing
water shall be so
designed and
installed as to
prevent dangers
from explosion
through
overheating.

Principle No. 5:
Every building having
plumbing fixtures
installed & intended for
human habitation,
occupancy or use on
premises abutting on a
street, alley or easement
where there is a public
sewer, shall be
connected to the public
sewer system.

Principle No. 6:

Each family dwelling unit on premises abutting on a

sewer or with a private sewage disposal system shall
have at least 1water closet & 1 kitchen-type sink.
Further, a lavatory or bathtub or shower shall be
installed to meet the basic requirement of sanitation &
personal hygiene.

Principle No. 7:
Plumbing fixtures
shall be made of
smooth nonabsorbent material,
free from
concealed fouling
surfaces & shall be
located in
ventilated
enclosures.

Principle No. 8:

The drainage
system shall be
designed,
constructed and
maintained to
safeguard against
fouling, deposit of
solids, clogging
and with adequate
cleanouts so
arranged that the
pipes might be
readily cleaned.

Principle No. 9:
All piping of plumbing
systems shall be of
durable NAMPAP
APPROVED
materials, free from
defective
workmanship,
designed &
constructed by
Registered Master
Plumbers to ensure
satisfactory service.

Principle No. 10:

Each fixture
directly connected
to the drainage
system shall be
equipped with
water sealed
trap.

Principle No. 11:

The drainage
piping system shall
be designed to
provide adequate
circulation of free
air from siphonage,
aspiration or
forcing of trap
seals under
ordinary use.

Principle No. 12:

Vent terminals shall
extend to the outer air
and installed to
preempt clogging and
the return of foul air to
the building.

Principle No. 13:

Plumbing systems shall be subjected to
such tests to effectively disclose all leaks
and defects in the workmanship.

PRINCIPLE 13 KEYWORDS:
501.2.2
Testing Media the piping of the plumbing, drainage and venting system shall
be tested with water or air.
501.2.3
WATER TEST the water test shall be applied to the drainage and vent system
either in its entirety or in sections. The water shall be kept for at least 15
minutes before inspection starts.
501.2.4
AIR TEST the air test shall be made by attaching an air compressor testing
apparatus to any suitable opening, and after closing all other inlets and outlets of
the system, air is forced into the pipe system until there is a uniform gauge
pressure of 34.5 kPa (5 psi) or sufficient to balance a column of mercury 254
mm in height. The pressure shall be held without introduction of additional air
for a period of at least 15 minutes.

Principle 13 KEYWORD:
501.2.6
WATER PIPING upon completion of a section or of the entire hot and cold
water supply systems, it shall be tested and proved tight under a water
pressure not less than the working pressure under which it is to be
used plus 50%. The water for test shall be obtained from a potable source
of supply. A 344.5 kPa (50 psi) air pressure may be substituted for the water
test. In either method of test, the piping shall withstand the test without
leaking for a period of not less than 15 minutes.

Principle No. 14:

No substance which
will clog the pipes,
produce explosive
mixtures ,destroy the
pipes or their joints or
interfere unduly with
the sewage disposal
process shall be
allowed to enter the
building drainage
system.

Principle No. 15:

Proper protection shall be
provided to prevent
contamination of food,
water, sterile goods &
similar materials by
backflow of sewage.
When necessary, the
fixture, device or
appliance shall be
connected indirectly with
the building drainage
system.

Principle No. 16:

No water closet shall be located in a room

or compartment which is not properly
lighted or ventilated.

Principle No. 17:

If water closets or other
plumbing fixtures are
installed in buildings
where there is no sewer
within a reasonable
distance, suitable
provision shall be made
for disposing of the
building sewage by some
accepted method of
sewage treatment and
disposal, such as septic
tank.

Principle No. 18:

Where a plumbing drainage system may be
subject to backflow of sewage, suitable provision
shall be made to prevent its overflow in the
building.

Principle No. 19:

Plumbing systems shall be maintained in

serviceable condition by Registered
Master Plumbers.

Principle No. 20:

All plumbing
fixtures shall
be properly
spaced, to
be
accessible
for their
intended
use.

Principle No. 21:

Plumbing shall be
installed by Registered
Master Plumbers with
due regard to the
preservation of the
strength of structural
members and the
prevention of damage to
walls and other surfaces
through fixture usage.

Principle No. 22:

Sewage or other
waste from a
plumbing system
which may be
deleterious to
surface or sub
surface waters
shall not be
discharge into the
ground or onto any
waterway, unless
first rendered
innocuous through
subjection to some
acceptable form of
treatment.

End of Presentation