FORMAL LOGIC

Symbolic Logic
Symbolic logic is the method of representing logical
expressions through the use of symbols and variables, rather
than in ordinary language. This has the benefit of removing the
ambiguity that normally accompanies ordinary languages, such
as English, and allows easier operation.
There are many systems of symbolic logic, such as classical
propositional logic, first-order logic and modal logic. Each may
have seperate symbols, or exclude the use of certain symbols.

Logical Symbols
The following table presents several logical symbols, their
name and meaning, and any relevant notes. The name of the
symbol (under meaning links to a page explaining the
symbol or term and its use). Note that different symbols have
been used by different logicians and systems of logic. For the
sake of clarity, this site consistently uses the symbols in the
left column, while the Notes column may indicate other
commonly-used symbols.

LOGIC SYMBOLS

What is logic?
Simply the study of correct
reasoning
Proposition building block of
logic
simple declarative
sentence that can be either
true or false but not both

Truth Table for

Propositional Connectives

EXAMPLES
P- The spaghetti is hot
Q- The pizza is cold
R- The chicken will be delivered

P ^ ~R
The spaghetti is hot and the chicken will not be delivered

QR
If the pizza is cold then the chicken will be delivered

Q V ~R
Either the pizza is cold the chicken wont be delivered

EXAMPLES

P Q P->Q
T

P A human is a cat

Q Squares have corners

P -> Q If a human is a cat then squares have corners

Statement in
symbols
P -> Q

Truth Value of parts

F -> T

Truth value of
entire statement
TRUE

EXAMPLES
A- Basketball is a team sport.
B- Sport games are fun.
C- The people are boring.
A^B =
Basketball is a team sport and sports games are fun.
BC=
Its either sport games are fun or the people are boring.
B^C=
Sport games are fun and the people are boring.
A^C =
Basketball is a team sport and the the people are not boring.
(A B) C=
Its either basketball is a team sport or sport games are fun, or the people are boring.

EXAMPLES
1.)

p : Every organism has a heart

q : All organisms have emotions
p and q :All organisms have emotions and every organism has
a heart.
2.) P: The art show was enjoyable.
Q: The room was hot.

The art show was enjoyable and the room was hot.

EXAMPLES
Statement: If Memorial Day is a holiday then we do not work
on Memorial Day.
Let a represent "We go to school on Memorial Day."
Let b represent "Memorial Day is a holiday."
Let c represent "We work on Memorial Day."

EXAMPLES(Cireel?)
If a mapuan will take physics and math at the same time , then
he cant pass it both. Trinidad is taking physics and math at the
same time. Therefore he cant pass it both.

Let :
A = If a mapuan will take physics and math at the same time
B = he cant pass it both.

EXAMPLES(Mark Tiongco)
If I'm going to do well on this quiz, then I will have a better
test score. If I will have a better test score, then my grade in
logic will be good. I'm not going to do well on this quiz.
Therefore, my grade in logic will not be good.
Let
A - I'm going to do well on this quiz
B - I will have a better test score.
C- My grade in logic will be good.

EXAMPLES(John Rey Trinidad)

If Torano is the ALAY in HUM17, then I will pass the course.
Torano is the ALAY. Therefore I will pass the course.
Let:
A = Torano is the ALAY in HUM17
B = I will pass the course

EXAMPLES(Samuel Timogan)
If Ninoy is the President of the Philippines, then he must have
been elected by the Filipino people. Ninoy was voted by the
people. Therefore Ninoy is the President of the Philippines
Let:
A- Ninoy is the President of the Philippines
B- he must have been elected by the Filipino people

EXAMPLES(Kimberly Sison)
If the tire is flat then I will have to remove it and take it to the
gas station.

P: The tire is flat.

Q: I have to remove the tire.
R: I have to take the tire to the gas station.

ANSWERS (SESE)
Condition: q^p

A.B=
Basketball is a team sport and sports games are fun

ANSWERS (MARK TIONGCO)

~A

ANSWERS (Cireel)

ANSWERS (John Rey Trinidad)

ANSWERS (TIMOGAN)

ANSWERS (KIMBERLY SISON)

Conditional: P -> (Q ^
R)

ANSWERS (RABINO)
Conditional: B
~C

~C

B^~C