Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
2015
OBJECTIVES OF THE
SESSION:
By the end of the session, the
students will have increased
understanding of:
Definition of Key Relevant Terms
Major Causes of Urbanization.
Effects/Impacts of Urbanization
Patterns of Urbanization
Figure
3: Average
populations
annual
additions
of
urban
and rural
(millions)
Is
as
or
Planned
renewal
of
deteriorated
and
underutilized
areas
of
a
city,
and
improvement of urban environment through
public and private initiative.
Urban Consolidation: Is a process that
reuses older structures, helps distribute
building densities more evenly, reclaims
underused land and, by appropriate infill,
gradually intensifies the urban fabric.
Causes of Urbanization
1. Rural- Urban Migration:
The push and pull factors
Push Factors
What motivates people to
Pull
Factors
migrate
to urban
areas)
Pressure on land
Low incomes
Landlessness
Overpopulation
Starvation famine
Causes contd
In West Africa others emerged from the transSaharan trade e.g.Timbuktu and Gao. Others
developed among the Yoruba, Hausa and the
Ashanti people, being commercial, political and
spiritual centres.
In central Africa cities were also found in
present day Congo, DRC, Angola, Zambia,
Zimbabwe, Rwanda and Burundi.
Causes contd
3.During the post colonial period, new cities have been
established for various reasons e.g.
Causes contd
4. The
weakening of influxcontrol
regulations by the newly liberated
nations except for South Africa
where
these
were
intensified
(Rakodi, 1997).
Causes contd
5.Globalization:
Globalization contd
It is also attributed to the historical,
social, political and technological changes
which have enabled the free flow of:
People
Investment
Products/services
Information and
Knowledge across the globe.
Year
1900
220 million
13 %
1930
732 million
29%
2005
3.2 billion
49%
(5%)
2030
4.9 billion
60%
*2050
6.0 billion
About 70 %
Major CCCs
In Africa urbanization is also said to be a
recent phenomenon A look at the HDI rank of 2001
also reveals that life in urban areas could be better than in
rural areas (UNDP,2003)
Country
Botswana
1960 as %of
total
population
2 %
Burundi
Djibouti
2
80
1990
2000
42%
1960-90
Annual
Growth
13.5%
1990-2000
Annual
Growth
7.9 %
29 %
5.5
6.1
81
84
7.3
3.5
Ethiopia
13
17
4.8
5.8
Kenya
24
32
7.7
7.0
Lesotho
20
28
8.6
6.3
Malawi
12
16
6.5
6.5
33
48
42
2.3
1.3
Mozambiqu
e
27
41
9.5
7.0
Rwanda
11
7.4
7.6
Mauritius
South
Africa
47
60
66
3.2
3.2
Sudan
10
22
27
5.4
4.8
33
47
10.3
7.5
Tanzania
Zimbabwe
13
28
35
5.9
5.4
Uganda
10
14
6.1
6.6
Effects contd
The dependence ratios are very high
in Africa implying that more
resources have to be diverted to
consumption than to savings and
investments
Some of the towns that have emerged
are parasitic in nature largely using
their privileged positions to extract
resources from their hinterlands.
Some can hardly sustain themselves
esp. when central government and
donor support is withdrawn. Public
Utility services suffer most
Effects contd
Due to poor governance and funding
related issues, many cities such as
Nairobi are experiencing a multitude of
management related problems including:
Proliferation of shanty /slum settlements
Urban sprawl- a chaotic growth of the cities in all
direction putting enormous strain on municipal services
and other land related problems, such as poor
subdivision of land parcels in small parcels for
speculative reasons with little or no consideration of
infrastructural services. High land prices that
discourage potential investors.
Outdated municipal management and administrative
styles
Poor coordination, rampant corruption, weak
maintenance culture
Lodwar
Marsabi
t
Wajir
Eldoret
Maralal
Isiolo
Nakur
u
Garissa
Lamu
Development
corridor
References
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Th end.
Thank you & God Bless You All