Transformer

Professor Mohamed A. ElSharkawi

Why do we need transformers?

Increase voltage of generators output
Transmit high power at low current
Reduce cost of transmission system

Adjust voltage to a usable level

Create electrical isolation
Match load impedance
Filters
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220kV-750kV
Distribution
Transformer

15 kV- 25kV

Service
Transformer

Transmission
Transformer
208V- 416V

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Transmission Transformer

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Distribution Transformer

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Distribution Transformer

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Service Transformer

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Service Transformer bank

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Service Transformer bank

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Service Transformer

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Service Transformer

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Service Transformer

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Service Transformer

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Service Transformer

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Low power Transformer

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Basic Components
Iron Core

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Insulated Copper Wire

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Basic Components
Laminated
iron core

Insulated
copper wire

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d
e1 N1
dt
1

e1 dt

N1

d
e2 N 2
dt

i1

e1

i2
N1

N2

Primary

e2

Secondary
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Basic Analysis:Voltage
d
N1
e1 t
N1
dt

e2 t N d N 2
2
dt

E1 N1

E2 N 2

i1

e1

+
_

N1

N2

i2
+
_

e2

E1 E2

N1 N 2

Volts/turn is constant
Voltages are in phase (no phase shift)
Voltage magnitudes vary with turns ratio.
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Basic Analysis: Power and

current
i1

S1 S 2

EI E I
*
1 1

*
1
*
2

*
2 2

I
E2 N 2

I
E1 N1

e1

+
_

I1 N 2

I 2 N1

N1

N2

i2
+
_

e2

N1 I 1 N 2 I 2

Currents are in phase.

Current ratio is opposite to the voltage ratio
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Basic Analysis: Reflected

impedance
Flux
I2

I1

Load

Source

E1

N1

N2

E2

Zload

Secondary

Primary

Z load
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E2

I 2 24

Basic Analysis: Reflected

impedance
I1
Source

E1
Primary

'
load

'
load

E1

I1

Z
E1 I 2 N1

Z load E2 I1 N 2
'
load

'
load

N1

Z load
N2

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Single-Phase, Ideal Transformer

Ratings

I1

Apparent Power
2 KVA, 120/240 V
Primary Voltage

+
V1
-

N1

I2

N2

+
V2
-

Secondary Voltage
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Rated Values
Rated voltage: The device can continuously
operate at the rated voltage without being
damaged due to insulation failure
Rated current: The device can
continuously operate at the rated current
without being damaged due to thermal
destruction
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Example I1
Transformer rating:
2 KVA, 240/120 V
Compute the currents

S V1 I1 V2 I 2 2 KVA

+
V1
-

N1

I2
N2

+
V2
-

2 KVA
I2

16.67 A
V2 120 V

2 KVA
I1

8.33 A
V1 240 V
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Multi-Secondary Transformer

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Multi-secondary windings

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I3
N3

I1
E1

E3
I2

N1
N2

E2

Primary

E1 N1

E2 N 2

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E1 N1

E3 N 3

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Current ratio: superposition

I12

I12
E1

N2
I2
N1

I2

N1
N2

E2

Primary

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Current ratio: superposition

I3
N3

I13
E1

N1

E3

N3
I13 I 3
N1

Primary

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I3

E1

E3

N3

I1

Superposition

I2

N1

E2

N2
Primary

I1 I12

N3
N2
I13 I 2
I3
N1
N1

I 1 N1 I 2 N 2 I 3 N 3
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I3
N3

I1
E1

Superposition

E3
I2

N1
N2

E2

Primary

S1 S 3 S 3
EI E I EI
*
1 1

*
2 2

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*
3 3

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Example

The transformer consists of one primary winding and two secondary

windings. The number of turns is each winding is

N1 4000; N 2 1000; N 3 500

A voltage source of 120V is applied to the primary winding, and

purely resistive loads are connected across the secondary windings. A
wattmeter placed in the primary circuit measures 300W. Another
wattmeter placed in the secondary winding N2 measures 90W.
Compute the following:

The voltages of the secondary windings

The currents in N3
The power consumed by the load connected across N3

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Solution
N2
1000
E 2 E1
120
30
N1
4000
N3
500
E3 E1
120
15
N1
4000

P1
300
I1

2.5
E1 cos1 120

P2
90
I2

3
E 2 cos 2 30

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Solution
I 1 N1 I 2 N 2 I 3 N 3
2.5 * 4000 1000 * 3 500 I 3

I 3 14
E1 I 1 E 2 I 2 E3 I 3
120 * 2.5 30 * 3 15 I 3

I 3 14
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Solution
P1 P2 P3
300 90 P3

P3 210
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Autotransformer

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I1

V1

A1
E1

I2

B1
N1

E2

N2

V2

A2
B2

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Autotransformer: Voltage and current

Is

I load I1 I 2

A1

N1

I1

E1

V1 E1 E2

Iload

A2

V1

B1

E2

N2

I2

V2

B2

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I1
+
E1
-

N1

I2
N2

Autotransformer
+
E2

Is

E1

I1
Iload

A2

V1

S A E1 I1 E2 I 2

N1

A1

E2

N2

B1

I2

V2

B2

S B V1 I s V2 I load
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Autotransformer: Power
S B V1 I s ( E1 E2 ) I1 E1 I1 E2 I1
S B S A E 2 I1

SB S A
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Example
Ratings of regular transformer: 10 kVA, 400/200 V
New voltage ratio: 600/200 V
Is
Compute the new ratings
A
N1

Solution
10
I2
50 A
0.2
10
I1
25 A
0.4

E1

E2

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I1
Iload

A2

V1

S B V1 I1 600 25 15 kVA

N2

B1

I2

V2

B2

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VARIC: Variable Auto-Transformer

Z

Is

N3
Y

V1

N1

N2

Sliding
terminal

I1

Iload
I2

V2

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Output Voltage
Vload

N2
Vs
N1 N 2

Z
Is

N3
Y

At Y

Vload

Sliding
terminal

I1
N1

N1 N 2
Vs
Vs
N1 N 2

Iload

V1
N2

I2

V2

At Z

Vload

N1 N 2 N 3
Vs
N1 N 2
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Three-Phase Transformer

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3-phase transformer

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N1

N2

Van
N1

VAN
N2

b C
Vac

VAC

Ratio of Line Voltage

Ratio of Phase Voltage

3-phase transformer Y-Y connection.

Also known as star-star connection

3 Van
N1

N2
3 VAN

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Ratio of Phase Voltage and line voltage

3-phase transformer ( - )
A

N2

N1

Vac
N1

VAC
N2
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3-phase transformer (Y- )

Also known as star-delta connection
N1
n

Van
N1

VAC
N2

N2

Vac
3 Van

VAC
VAC
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Ratio of Line Voltage

Ratio of Phase Voltage

3 N1
N2
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3-phase transformer bank (Y- )

a

V AB
N2

Van
N1

Vab

Van

N1

N2

VAB

V AB
V AB

Vab
3 Van

N2
3 N1

N1

N2

c
N1
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N2
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Ratings of Ideal 3-phase

Transformer
Apparent Power (3-phase)
100 MVA, 13.8/138 KV
Primary Voltage
line-to-line

Secondary Voltage
line-to-line

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Example
Three single-phase transformers are used to form a threephase transformer bank. Each single-phase transformer is
rated at 10 kVA, 13.8 KV/240 V. One side of the
transformer bank is connected to a three-phase, 13.8 kV
transmission line. The other side of the transformer is
connected to a three-phase residential load of 415.7V,
9kVA at 0.8 power factor lagging. Determine the
connection of the transformer bank, the voltage ratio of the
transformer bank, and the line current of the bank at the
13.8 kV side
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Solution
Secondary voltage (Low voltage side) should be in
Y to provide the needed residential voltage
415.7
240 V
3
The high voltage side must be Delta-connection
The line-to-line voltage of the supply is 13.8 kV. Same
as the transformer rating of the primary.
If the primary is connected in Y, the voltage of the load
would be lower than 240 V.

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Solution

Van= 240 V

VAB= 13.8 kV

N1

N2

Van

a
Vab

b
N1

N2

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VAB
VAB

Vab
3 Van

Solution
13,800
3 240

Phase current of the load

I2

9000
3
240

Van= 240 V

VAB= 13.8 kV

N1

Van V
ab

B
N1

12.5 A

N2

N2

Phase current of the Transformer primary

N2
240
I1 I 2
12.5
0.2174 A
N1
13,800

Line Current in primary

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I A 3 I1 0.377 A
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Actual Transformer
Windings:

i2

i1

Resistance
Inductance

e1

+
_

N1

N2

+
_

e2

Core:
Eddy Current
Hysteresis

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Windings Impedance
R1

X1

N1

R2

X2

N2

Ideal Transformer
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Core Hysteresis
i

+
e
_

N
H

B f

e dt

H f i

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Core Model
Let
e Emax sin t

Emax
e dt cos t

e Emax
i
sin t
R
R
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R
e

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Core Model
Let

e Emax sin t
Emax
e dt cos t

di
eL
dt
Emax
1
i e dt
cos t
L
L
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Xl
e

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i
e

Xl

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Equivalent Circuit
'
2

N1 N2

R2

Io

I1
Ro

Xo

E1
N1 V1

E2
N 2 V2

E1

E2

X2

I2

V2

'
I2

N2
I1

I2
N1
I2

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load

R1

V1

X1

Referred impedance

V1

X1

R1

'
2

N1 N2

R2

Io

I1
Ro

Xo

E1

E2

X2

I2

V2

N1
N1

E1
E2
I 2 R2 jX 2 V2
N2
N2
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Referred impedance

V1

X1

R1

'
2

N1 N2

R2

Io

I1
Ro

Xo

E1

E2

X2

I2

V2

N1
N 1 ' N1
R2 jX 2 V2
E1
E2
I2
N2
N2
N2

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N1
N 1 ' N1
R2 jX 2 V2
E1
E2
I2
N2
N2
N2

Define:
R'2
X '2
V2'

N1

N2

N1

N2

N1

V2
N2

N1

E1 I
N2
'
2

N1
R2 jX 2 V2
N2

R2
X2

Then:

E1 I 2' R2' jX 2' V2'

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Equivalent Circuit Referred to

Source Side

X1

R1

Ro

N1 N2
E1

R2

Xo

R'2

Io

I1
Ro

Xo

E1

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X2

I2

E2

X1

R1

V1

'
2

Io

I1

V1

E1 I 2' R2' jX 2' V2'

I 2'

V2
X '2

V2'
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Practical
Considerations
'

X1

R1

V1

R2

Io

I1
Ro

'
R1 Ro R2
'
X 1 X o X 2

Xo

E1

'
2

I1

V2'

'
I2 Io

'
I 2 I o

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X '2

I1
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X1

R1

V1

Io

I1
Ro
R1

V1

X '2

R'2

'
2

V2'

Xo

X1

R'2

I1

X '2

I 2'
Io

Ro

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Xo

V2'

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R1

V1

Define:

X1

R'2

X '2

I 1 I '2

V2'

'
Req R1 R2
'
X eq X 1 X 2
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Analysis of Transformer
X eq

Req

'
I1 I 2

V1

'
V1 V2

'
I2

V2'

Req jX eq

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V2
N1
V
V2
N2
'
2

Terminologies
Load Voltage
Load Voltage referred to Source side
Impedance referred to Source side
Load Current

I2

Load current referred to Source side

N2
I
I2
N1
'
2

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N1

R
N2

'
2

N1

X
N2
'
2

R2
2

X2
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Analysis of Transformer
X eq

Req

'
I1 I 2

V1

'
V1 V2

'
I2

V2'

Req jX eq

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Req

'
I1 I 2

V1

'
I2

X eq

V2'

X eq
'
I2

'
I2

Req
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Req

V1

X eq

'
I1 I 2

V2'

V1 V2' I 2' Req j I 2' X eq

V1
I '2 Z eq

V2'

I '2 X eq

I '2 Req

'
I2
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Ratings of Actual 3phase Transformer

Apparent Power (3-phase)
100 MVA, 13.8/138 KV
'
2

V2

line-to-line

line-to-line

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Example
A transformer has the following parameters:

N1
10
N2
Req R1 R2' 1;

Z l 0.530
o

X eq X 1 X 2' 10; Ro 1000;

X 0 5000

The rated voltage of the primary winding is 1000V.

Compute the load voltage.

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Solution

N1

Z Z L
N2
'
L

'
I1 I 2

50

X eq

Req

V1

V2'

0
V
1000

0
o
1
I 2'

17
.
7

38
.
31
A
'
o
Req j X eq Z L 1 j 10 50 30

V I Z 17.7 38.31
'
2

'
2

'
L

50 30 885 8.31
o

N2
1
V2 V
885 88.5 V
N1
10
'
2

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Voltage Regulation VR

V1

'
I1 I 2

Vno load V full load

VR
V full load
Measured at the load side

V2'

Load

X eq

Req

V1 V2'
VR
'
V2

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Example
Calculate the voltage regulation of the transformer in the
previous problem.

Solution:

VR

'
V1 V2
'
V2

7209.5 7200
VR
100 0.14 %
7200
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Efficiency

Xeq

Req

V1

Io

I1
Ro

Output Power Pout

Input Power
Pin

Pin Pout Losses

Plosses Pcu Piron

Xo

Pcu

'
2

' 2
I2

V2'

Req

V12
Piron
Ro

Pout V2' I '2 cos

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Example
A 10 kVA, 2300/230 V, single phase distribution transformer
has the following parameters:

R1 5.8 ; X 1 X '2 12 ; R'2 6.05

Ro 75.6 k ; X o 69.4 k
At full load and 0.8 power factor lagging, compute the efficiency
of the transformer.

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Solution
Pout V2' I '2 cos S cos 10 0.8 8 kW

Pcu

S
10 ,000
'
I2

4.35 A
'
2300
V2

' 2
I2

Piron

Req ( 4.35 )2 5.8 6.05 224.23 W

V
V
2300

70 W
Ro
Ro
75,600
2
1

' 2
2

Pout
8000

100 96.45 %
Pin
8000 224.23 70
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