Long-Term Evolution (LTE) From Fundamental To Advanced

Long-Term Evolution (LTE): From
Fundamental to Advanced
Dr Anthony Lo
Malaysia University of Technology (UTM), Malaysia
(On sabbatical leave from Delft University of Technology, The
Netherlands)
Mobile Broadband Wireless Networking

July 22, 2015
Contents
Background of LTE
LTE Frequency Bands
LTE Network Architecture
OFDM Overview
Channel Equalization
OFDMA and SC-FDMA
MIMO
LTE-Advanced
July 22, 2015
LTE Background
LTE Long Term Evolution the next
generation mobile and wireless broadband

network (also known as 3.9G)
Work on LTE was initiated as a 3GPP Release 7
study item Evolved UTRA and UTRAN in
December 2004
Field trials and deployment have started since
2010
Basic drivers for LTE have been:
Reduced latency
Higher user data rates
Improved system capacity and coverage
Cost-reduction
July 22, 2015
LTE Requirements
Higher peak data rates:
100 Mb/s (downlink) and 50 Mb/s (uplink)
Improved spectrum efficiency: 3 4 times in downlink
and 2 -3 times in uplink higher than UMTS

Improved latency:
Radio access network latency below 10 ms
Significantly reduced control plane latency
Support of scalable bandwidth: 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20
MHz
Increased cell edge bit rates
Reduced operation cost
Reduced CAPital and OPerational EXpenditures (CAPEX, OPEX)

July 22, 2015
Cost vs. Revenue

Existing
Cellular
Technologies
CAPEX/OPEX
Revenu
e
Profitabilit
y
LTE
CAPEX/OPEX
Time
July 22, 2015

P-GW
MME
SGW
S1
S1
EP
S
EP
C
PCRF
S1
LTE
eNode B
Interne
t
S1
X2
eNode B
eNode B
Evolved Node B
EPC
Evolved Packet Core, also known as
SAE
X2
X2
EPS
Evolved Packet System
E-UTRAN
Evolved UTRAN
LTE
also known as E-UTRAN
MME
Mobility Management Entity
P-GW
Packet Data Network Gateway
eNode B
PCRF
Policy and Charging Rules Function
SAE
Service Architecture Evolution
6
S-GW
Serving Gateway
July 22, 2015
Simple architecture
Flat IP-based architecture
Reduction in latency and cost
Split between LTE and EPC
eNode Bs are interconnected via X2
interface

July 22, 2015
eNode B
All radio interface-related functions
MME
Manages mobility, UE identity and security
parameters
S-GW
Node that terminates the interface towards
E-UTRAN
P-GW
Node that terminates the interface towards
PDN
8
July 22, 2015
LTE Protocol Architecture User

Plane
Application
TCP
IP
IP
PDCP
PDCP
GTP
GTP
GTP
GTP
RLC
RLC
UDP
UDP
UDP
UDP
MAC
MAC
IP
IP
IP
IP
PHY
PHY
L1/L2
L1/L2
L1/L2
L1/L2
UE
eNode B
UDP
User Datagram Protocol
TCP
Transmission Control Protocol
PHY
Physical Layer
PDCP
Packet Data Convergence Protocol
MAC
Medium Access Control
IP
Internet Protocol
GTP
GPRS Tunneling Protocol
S-GW

July 22, 2015
L2
L1
P-GW
LTE Protocol Architecture Control

Plane
NAS
NAS
RRC
RRC
PDCP
PDCP
RLC
SCTP
SCTP
RLC
IP
IP
MAC
MAC
L2
L2
PHY
PHY
L1
L1
UE
eNode B
SCTP
Protocol
Stream Control Transmission
RRC
Radio Resource Control
NAS
Non-Access Stratum
MME

July 22, 2015
10
LTE Key Parameters

Frequency Range
UMTS FDD bands and UMTS TDD bands
Channel
Bandwidth
1.4 MHz, 3 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz, 20 MHz
Modulation
Schemes
Downlink: QPSK, 16 QAM, 64 QAM

Uplink: QPSK, 16 QAM, 64 QAM
Multiple Access
Schemes
Downlink: OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division

Multiple Access)
Uplink: SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division
Multiple Access)
MIMO
Downlink: Wide choice of MIMO configuration options

for transmit diversity, spatial multiplexing, and cyclic
delay (max. of 4 antennas at eNodeB and UE)
Uplink: Multi-user collaborative MIMO
Peak Data rate
Downlink: 150 Mb/s (UE category 4, 22 MIMO, 20

MHz)
300 Mb/s (UE category 5, 44 MIMO, 20
MHz)
11
Uplink:
75
Mb/s
(20
MHz)
July 22, 2015
Scalable Bandwidth
1.4 MHz
3 MHz
5 MHz
10 MHz
15 MHz
20 MHz

July 22, 2015
12
LTE Frequency Bands

Band
Uplink (eNodeB receive

and UE transmit)
Downlink (eNodeB transmit

and UE receive)
Duplex
Mode
1920 MHz 1980 MHz
2110 MHz 2170 MHz
FDD
1850 MHz 1910 MHz
1930 MHz 1990 MHz
FDD
1710 MHz 1785 MHz
1805 MHz 1880 MHz
FDD
1710 MHz 1755 MHz
2110 MHz 2155 MHz
FDD
824 MHz 849 MHz
869 MHz 894 MHz
FDD
830 MHz 840 MHz
875 MHz 885 MHz
FDD
2500 MHz 2570 MHz
2620 MHz 2690 MHz
FDD
880 MHz 915 MHz
925 MHz 960 MHz
FDD
1749.9 MHz 1784.9 MHz
1844.9 MHz 1879.9 MHz
FDD
10
1710 MHz 1770 MHz
2110 MHz 2170 MHz
FDD
11
1427.9 MHz 1452.9 MHz
1475.9 MHz 1500.9 MHz
FDD
12
698 MHz 716 MHz
728 MHz 746 MHz
FDD
13
777 MHz 787 MHz
746 MHz 756 MHz
FDD
14
788 MHz 798 MHz
758 MHz 768 MHz
FDD
704 MHz 716 MHz
734 MHz 746 MHz
FDD
17

July 22, 2015
13
LTE Frequency Bands

Band
Uplink (eNodeB receive

and UE transmit)
Downlink (eNodeB transmit

and UE receive)
Duplex
Mode
33
1900 MHz 1920 MHz
1900 MHz 1920 MHz
TDD
34
2010 MHz 2025 MHz
2010 MHz 2025 MHz
TDD
35
1850 MHz 1910 MHz
1850 MHz 1910 MHz
TDD
36
1930 MHz 1990 MHz
1930 MHz 1990 MHz
TDD
37
1910 MHz 1930 MHz
1910 MHz 1930 MHz
TDD
38
2570 MHz 2620 MHz
2570 MHz 2620 MHz
TDD
39
1880 MHz 1920 MHz
1880 MHz 1920 MHz
TDD

July 22, 2015
14
Multi-paths
Reflection
Diffraction
Scattering
Frequency Selective Fading vs. Flat Fading
1.25 MHz
200 300
KHz
RECEIVED
POWER
DENSITY
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

(OFDM)
The fundamental transmission technique of the LTE Physical
layer
Divides the transmission bandwidth into Nc orthogonal equally
spaced subcarriers
Individual information symbols are conveyed
over the
OFDM
Symbols
Input Data
subcarriers
bits
Td
Tu = symbol
duration
Ru = symbol rate
Subcarrier f3
Subcarrier f2
Rd = bit rate
Subcarrier f1
Td = bit duration
Subcarrier f0
Serial-to-parallel
f n Tns , n 0,..., N c 1
converter
Tu
f k Tku , k 0, ..., N c 1
k f , k 0, ..., N c 1
where f c is the reference subcarrier frequency
Tu N c Td
Ru NRdc T1u f
Rd T1d

July 22, 2015
17
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

(OFDM)
Example of 4
subcarriers within one
OFDM symbol
f1 = 2f0
f2 = 3f0
f3 = 4f0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
f = 1/Tu
A
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
f0
f1
Frequency
f2
f3
Spectra of individual
subcarriers

July 22, 2015
Time
18
OFDM vs. FDM

Ch.1
Ch.2
Ch.3
Ch.4
Ch.5
Ch.6
Ch.7
Ch.8
Ch.9
Conventional Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
Ch.10
frequency
Ch.2 Ch.4 Ch.6

Ch.8 Ch.10
Ch.1 Ch.3 Ch.5
Ch.7 Ch.9
Saving of bandwidth
50% bandwidth saving

Spectra efficient
OFDM
frequency

July 22, 2015
19
OFDM over Frequency-Selective

Channel
Since the bandwidth
of each subcarrier is
much smaller than the coherence bandwidth

of the transmitted channel, each subcarrier
sees flat fading
Channel Response
Frequenc
y
July 22, 2015
20
Channel
decoding
Binary Output
Data
N-point IDFT
Serial-toParallel
OFDM
Demodulation
I/Q Modulation
UP-conversion
DAC
ADC
Down-conversion
I/Q Demodulation
Cyclic prefx
insertion
OFDM
Modulation
Cyclic prefx
Removal
Radio Channel
July 22, 2015
Serial-toParallel
N-point DFT
Channel
Equalization
Modulation Symbol
Demapping (M-ary
demod)
Modulation Symbol
M-ary
Mapping ((M
mod)
Channel
Coding
Binary Input Data
OFDM Transceiver Structure
RF
RF
21
OFDM Modulation
e j 2 0 f n / N
X(1)
s(t)
e j 2 1f n / N
X(0), X(1), , X(Nc

1)
Serial-to-Parallel
X(0)
X(Nc 1)
s (t )
N c 1
X ( k )e
e j 2 ( Nc 1) f n / N
j 2 k f t
k 0
IDF
T
If s(t) is sampled at a rate of fs = 1/Ts = N f > Nc f, then
s (t ) s (nTs )
N c 1
k 0
X ( k )e
j 2 k f nTs
N 1
X (k )e j 2 kn / N IDFT
k 0

July 22, 2015
22
OFDM Demodulation
Tu
...
X(0)
e j 2 0 f t
Tu
...
X(1)
e j 2 1f t
s(t)
Serial-to-Parallel
Tu
...
X(Nc 1)
e j 2 ( Nc 1) f t
DFT
Tu
X (k ) s (t ) e j 2 k ft dt , k 0,1, ..., N c 1
0
N 1
X (k ) s (nTs )e j 2 nk / N , k 0,1, ..., N c 1

n0

July 22, 2015
23
Cyclic Prefx (CP) Insertion
Ts = Ts + Tcp, where Tcp is the cyclic prefix extension

of the symbol duration Ts
To maintain orthogonality among subcarriers in the

presence of multi-path channel which causes InterSymbol Interference (ISI) and Inter-Carrier
Interference (ICI)
Insertion of cyclic prefix:
Tcp
Tu
Tu
OFDM Sym
time

July 22, 2015
24
Channel Equalization
Channel equalization compensates for linear
distortion introduced by multi-path propagation

channel
Channel equalization can be carried out in time
domain or frequency domain
For broadband multi-path channels, conventional
time domain equalizers are impractical because of
complexity:
Very long channel impulse response in the time domain
Prohibitively large tap size for time domain filter
Using DFT, equalization can be done in frequency
domain
Because the DFT size does not grow linearly with the
length of the channel response, the complexity of
25
Frequency Domain
Equalization
(FDE)
is
lower
than
22, 2015
that of the equivalent July
time
domain equalizer for
Frequency Domain Equalization (FDE)
s=h*x
Channel
Fr
D equ
om e
ai nc
n y
DFT/IDFT
e in
m
a
Ti om
D
x = h-1 * s
S=H.X
X = H-1 . S

July 22, 2015
26
Frequency Domain Equalization (FDE)
In DFT, frequency domain multiplication is equivalent
to time domain circular convolution

CP longer than the channel response length is
needed to convert linear convolution to circular
convolution
Most of the time domain equalization techniques can
be implemented in frequency domain
MMSE equalizer, turbo equalizer
CP
OFDM Symbol

July 22, 2015
27
July 22, 2015

Binary Output
Data
Demodulation
Symbol
Channel
Equalization
N-point DFT
Cyclic prefx
Removal
Radio Channel
Cyclic prefx
insertion
N-point IDFT
Binary Input Data
Binary Output
Data
Demodulation
Symbol
N-point IDFT
Channel
Equalization
N-point DFT
Cyclic prefx
Removal
Radio Channel
Cyclic prefx
insertion
Binary Input Data
SC/FDE
Single Carrier with FDE
OFDM
28
Single Carrier with FDE
SC/FDE delivers the same performance similar to
OFDM with essentially the same overall complexity,

even for long channel delay
SC/FDE has the advantage over OFDM in terms of
Low PAPR
Robustness to spectral null
Less sensitivity to carrier frequency offset
Disadvantage to OFDM is that channel-adaptive

subcarrier bit and power loading is not possible

July 22, 2015
29
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple

Access (OFDMA)
OFDMA is a multiple access scheme using OFDM
Each mobile terminal occupies a different set of subcarriers
It has similar transceiver structure to OFDM

It is one of the downlink multiple access techniques of LTE
Terminal
1
Terminal
2
Terminal
3
subcarriers

July 22, 2015
30
Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA)
It is a multiple access technique which combines
OFDM with single carrier properties

It has similar transceiver structure to OFDMA
It is one of the uplink multiple access techniques of
LTE

July 22, 2015
31
Modulation Symbol
Demapping (M-ary
demod)
Channel
decoding
Binary Output
Data

Down-conversion
I/Q Demodulation
ADC
Cyclic prefx
Removal
Serial-toParallel
N-point IDFT
Symbol to
subcarrier mapping
M-point DFT
I/Q Modulation
UP-conversion
DAC
Cyclic prefx
insertion
SCFDMA
SC-FDMA
32
Radio Channel
July 22, 2015
N-point DFT
Symbol to
subcarrier
demapping
FDE
M-point IDFT
Serial-toParallel
Modulation Symbol
M-ary
Mapping ((M
mod)
Channel
Coding
Binary Input Data
SC-FDMA Transceiver Structure
RF
RF
SC-FDMA
SCFDMA
I/Q Modulation
UP-conversion
DAC
Cyclic prefx
insertion
Time Domain
N-point IDFT
M-point DFT
Serial-toParallel
Modulation Symbol
M-ary
Mapping ((M
mod)
Channel
Coding
Binary Input Data
Time Domain
Symbol to
subcarrier mapping
Frequenc
y Domain
RF
Sequential transmission of
FDMA: User
multiplexing
in frequency
the modulation symbols
domain

July 22, 2015
33
SC-FDMA Transmitter
X(M-1)
s(0)
0 S(N-1)
N-point IDFT
x(M1)
Symbol to
subcarrier mapping
x(1)
X(0
)
X(1
)
x(0)
M-point DFT
S(0)
Single-carrier properties:
a signal with low power
variations
A bandwidth that depends
on M
s(N-1)
DFT-based pre-coding is performed on modulated
data symbols to transform them into frequency

domain
Each subcarrier carries a portion of superposed DFT
spread data symbols, therefore SC-FDMA is also
referred to as DFT-spread-OFDM (DFT-S-OFDM)
N > M, where the N M unused subcarriers of the
IDFT are set to zero amplitude
34
July 22, 2015
M-point IDFT
Discard
Discard
s(N-1)
Symbol to
subcarrier
demapping
s(1)
FDE
s(0)
N-point DFT
SC-FDMA Receiver

July 22, 2015
35
Subcarrier Mapping
Two subcarrier mapping techniques:

Localized DFT-S-OFDM (LFDMA)
Distributed DFT-S-OFDM (DFDMA)
S(N-1)
x(4)
x(5)
0
0
0
x(5)
x(3)
x(4)
x(2)
N-point IDFT
x(3)
x(1)
x(2)
M-point DFT
x(1)
s(0)
x(0)
N-point IDFT
s(0)
x(0)
DFT-S-OFDM Distributed
(DFDMA)
M-point DFT
DFT-S-OFDM Localized (LFDMA)
0
s(N-1)

July 22, 2015
s(N-1)
36
Subcarrier Mapping
Data block size M = 4,
DFT-S-OFDM
Localized
number of subcarriers N =
12, number of terminals Q
=3
subcarriers
DFT-S-OFDM Distributed
Terminal
1
Terminal
2
Terminal
3
subcarriers

July 22, 2015
37
Subcarrier Mapping
x(0)
x(1)
x(2)
Time domain data symbols
x(3)
M 1
X (k ) x (n)e j 2 n k / M , k 0,1, ...,M 1
DFT
n0
X(0)
X(1)
X(2)
X(3)
X(0)
X(1)
X(2)
X(3) 0
S(n)LFDMA
X(0)
X(1)
X(3)
S(n)DFDMA
X(0)
X(1) 0
X(2)
X(3)
S(n)IFDMA
Frequency domain data symbols
X(2)
subcarriers
DFT-S-OFDM Interleaved (IFDMA) is a special case of DFDMA with equidistance

between occupied subcarriers
July 22, 2015
38
SC-FDMA is similar to OFDMA
Block-based modulation and use Cyclic Prefix

Divides the transmission bandwidth into smaller
subcarriers
Channel inversion/equalization is carried out in
frequency domain
SC-FDMA is regarded as DFT-precoded or DFT-spread
OFDMA

July 22, 2015
39
Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)
Multiple-Input Multiple Output (MIMO)
MIMO 22
SIMO
12

July 22, 2015
Receiver
Transmitter
Receiver
Transmitter
Receiver
Transmitter
technique improves communication link

quality (spatial diversity) and capacity
(spatial multiplexing) by using multiple
transmit and receive antennas
MISO
21
40
Spatial Diversity
Improves link quality (SNR) by combining
multiple independently faded signal replicas

With Nt Tx and Nr Rx antennas Nt Nr diversity
gain is achievable
Two types of spatial diversity:
Receive diversity
Transmit diversity

July 22, 2015
41
Receive Diversity
Single-Input Multiple-Output (SIMO)
Coherent combining of signals at receiver to improve
signal strength
Combined SNR N r SNR of a signal

h11
s1
c1 e j1
s2
hNr1
c 2 e j2
sNr
SIMO
Nr
cN r e
jN r

July 22, 2015
Receiver
h21
Transmitter
42
Receive Diversity Combining

Selective Diversitytechniques
Combining (SDC)
Select the strongest signal (or signal with the maximum
SNR)
Signals from the other branches are ignored
Equal Gain Combining (EGC)

e j received signals after phase compensation
Combine allc i the
at each branch with
where ci is assumed the same for
all branches
The signals are phase aligned when linearly added
i
ce
Maximum Ratio
Combining (MRC)
i
ji
Add all the received signals after both phase compensation

at each branch with
But weight the branches with a factor ci proportional to the
amplitude of the signal of each branch, i.e., ci is set to larger
value for received signals of higher SNR
July 22, 2015
43
Receive Diversity Capacity

For an SISO system, the capacity is given by
CSISO log 2 (1 SNR) b / s / Hz
For an SIMO (receive diversity) with 1 Tx and Nr Rx

antennas, the capacity is given by
CMISO log 2 (1 N r . SNR) b / s / Hz

July 22, 2015
44
Spatial Diversity Gain

Log
scale
Symbol Error
Rate
uncoded
Coding
Gain
Spatial
diversity
Gain
SNR
(dB)
July 22, 2015
45
Transmit Diversity
Multiple-Input Single-Output (MISO)
Two types of transmit diversity techniques:
Closed loop transmit diversity it relies on feedback
Channel State Information (CSI) from receiver
Open loop transmit diversity it does not rely on feedback
CSI from receiver

July 22, 2015
46
Closed Loop Transmit Diversity
Also known as beamforming

CSI - c i e j - is measured at receiver using pilot signals
Two Closed Loop Transmit diversity techniques:
i
Selective Transmit Diversity (STD) the transmitter selects the branch based
on feedback from the receiver
Transmit Adaptive Array (TxAA) the receiver is trying to optimize the received
power by adjusting the amplitude ci and phase i of each branch. This
information is fed back to the transmitter
h11
h1Nt
c 2 e j2
Transmitter
c1 e j1
Receiver
h12
cN r e
jN r
MISO Nt
1
Channel State
Information
(CSI)

July 22, 2015
47
Open Loop Transmit Diversity

No feedback from receiver
Two open loop transmit diversity techniques:
Delay Diversity (DD)
Space Time Coding (STC)
h1Nt
MISO Nt
1 Wireless Networking
Mobile Broadband
July 22, 2015
Receiver
h12
Transmitter
h11
48
Open Loop Transmit Diversity DDrelative delays for each

Signals are transmitted with
branch to create artificial frequency selectivity
h11
h12
TNr
Receiver
T2
Transmitter
T1
h1Nt
MISO
1
Nt

July 22, 2015
49
Open Loop Transmit Diversity Space-Time Block CodingSTC

(STBC) operates on pairs of
h11
-x(1)*, x(0)
x(1), x(0)
Receiver
h12
STBC
Transmitter
modulation symbols which form blocks

First antenna transmits x(0) and sign-reversed
complex conjugate of x(1)
Second antenna transmits x(1) and complex conjugate
of x(0)
x(0)*, x(1)
MISO
1

July 22, 2015
50
Open Loop Transmit Diversity S (0) h x(0) h x(1) STC

n(0)
11
12
S (1) h11 x* (1) h12 x* (0) n(1)

h11
s (0)
s (1) h*
12
s Hx n
h12
h11*
x(0)

n(0)
x(1) n(1)

The receiver can recovered the transmitted symbols by

applying the matrix HH to the vector s, where
h11*
H
H
*
h
12
h12
h11*

July 22, 2015
51
Spatial Multiplexing
Increases data rates by sending multiple data
h11
h21
s1
h12
h22
hNr1
h1Nt
s2
Receiver
h2Nt
hNr2
Transmitter
streams through parallel spatial channels

With Nt Tx and Nr receive antennas, min(Nt,
Nr) multiplexing gain is achievable
hNrNt
MIMO Channel
Matrix
July 22, 2015
sNr
52
Nt Nr independent paths
hij is the channel response of each path
The received signals s can be expressed as
s = Hx + n
where H is the Nt Nr MIMO channel matrix,
x is the transmitted signal vector and n is the
noise hvector
... h
H
11
1 Nt
hNr1 .... hNrNt

.
x x1 ,..., x Nt

July 22, 2015
53
By the singular value decomposition theorem,

channel matrix H can be decomposed as
H = U D VH
U is an Nr Nr unitary matrix, V is an Nt Nt unitary
matrix
+n
D is an Nr sN=t Hx
non-negative
diagonal matrix
s UDV H x n
U H s U H UDV H Vx U H n
s% IDIx% n%
s% Dx% n%

July 22, 2015
54
h11
h21
s1
h2Nt
hNr1
hNrNt
h1Nt
s2
Receiver
h22
hNr2
Transmitter
h12
sNr
d11
s%
1
dNrNt
Receiver
s%
2
Transmitter
d22
s%
Nr
July 22, 2015
55
Unitary Precoding
h11
xNt
h21
h12
x%Nt
h22
h2Nt
hNr2
h1Nt
s2
hNr1
hNrNt
MIMO Channel
Matrix
Receiver
x%2
s1
x%
1
Transmitter
x2
Unitary Precoding
x1
sNr
s Hx% n

July 22, 2015
56
Spatial Multiplexing - Capacity

For an MIMO system, the capacity is given by
CMIMO min( N t , N r ) log 2 (1 min( NNrt , N r ) . SNR ) b / s / Hz

July 22, 2015
57
Spatial Multiplexing Gain

July 22, 2015
58
LTE Radio Frame Structure

July 22, 2015
59
Physical Resource Blocks (PRBs)

July 22, 2015
60
OFDMA + TDMA
LTE downlink multiple access techniques

Channel dependent scheduling assigns PRBs to
different
users
Power
Subcarrier
e
am
bfr
Su
User
1
User
2
User
3
User
4
e
Tim
July 22, 2015
61
Channel-Dependent Scheduling in
Frequency Domain
Channel Quality
PRB
Frequency
Assign PRBs to users with good channel quality

July 22, 2015
62
LTE-Advanced
LTE-Advanced is evolved from LTE

All relevant requirements of LTE are valid also for LTE
Advanced
Peak data rates:
Downlink: 1 Gb/s
Uplink: 500 Mb/s
Research topics:
Wider bandwidth
Enhancement of uplink multiple access
Enhancement of MIMO techniques
Coordinated Multiple Point transmission and reception (CoMP)
Advanced relaying strategies

July 22, 2015
63
Wider Bandwidth
Achieve wider bandwidth through carrier aggregation

Aggregation of basic frequency blocks called
component carriers (CCs)

Support of both contiguous and non-contiguous CCs

July 22, 2015
64
Enhancement of Uplink Multiple Access

Within CC
SC-FDMA is used
Non-contiguous data transmission with single DFT (clustered
DFT-s-OFDM) is introduced
Achieve efficient radio resource assignment with relaxed PAPR
requirement
Among CCs
N-times clustered DFTS-OFDM

July 22, 2015
65
Enhancement of MIMO Techniques

Downlink
Extend the number of layers from minimum of 4 to maximum
of 8
Multi-user MIMO
Uplink
Single-user MIMO up to 4-layer transmission

July 22, 2015
66
Coordinated Multi-Point Transmission and

Reception (CoMP)
Downlink
Joint processing among eNBs
Data is available at each eNB and transmitted at the same
time
Coordinated scheduling/beamforming
Data is available at the serving eNB but user
scheduling/beamforming decisions are made with
coordination among eNBs
Joint
Coordinated
processing
scheduling/beamforming

July 22, 2015
67
Coordinated Multi-Point Transmission and

Reception (CoMP)
Uplink
Coordinated multi-point reception
Uplink signal is received at multiple eNBs
Scheduling decisions can be coordinated among eNBs to
control interference
Coordination on Scheduling
Simultaneou
s reception

July 22, 2015
68
Advanced Relaying Strategies

Coverage problem increases for high spectrum
Significant capacity increase can only be achieved by reducing
cell size using relays

Improving cell edge throughput
Types of relays:
Layer-1 (Amplify-and-Forward) Relay
Layer-2/3 (Decode-and-Forward) Relay
Relaying strategies
One-way relay
Two-way relay
Cooperative relay
Shared Relay

July 22, 2015
69
Layer-1 Relay
Amplify-and-Forward (AF)
Used for coverage holes and coverage extension
Signals and noise are amplified because received signals are
not demodulated and decoded

Minimum delay
Simple

July 22, 2015
70
Layer-2 Relay
Decode-and-Forward (DF)
Used for coverage holes, coverage extension and capacity
enhancement
Good isolation of signals and noise
Larger delays
Higher complexity as compared with Layer-1 relay

July 22, 2015
71
One-way Relay
Work with Layer-1/2/3 relays
Similar to conventional relays
Inefficient for relay operating in half-duplex mode
eNodeB
Relay

July 22, 2015
UE
72
Two-way Relay
Work with Layer-1 relays
Avoid the inefficiency of one-way relays operating in halfduplex mode
eNodeB
S1
S2
S1+S
2
S1+S
2
Relay

July 22, 2015
UE
73
Cooperative Relay
Allow soft combining of several paths
Work with Layer-1 or Layer-2 relays
Delay of direct link signals would be required with relative to
the access link signals
Relay
1
S1
S
S
eNodeB
UE
S
S2
Relay
2
July 22, 2015
74
Shared Relay
Work with Layer-2/3 relays
Several eNodeBs share a single relay
Shared relay is a multi-antenna relay with k m antenna,
where k = the number of eNodeB, m = the number of antennas

associated with the eNodeB

July 22, 2015
75
Thank You!

July 22, 2015
76

Long-Term Evolution (LTE) From Fundamental To Advanced

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Long-Term Evolution (LTE) From Fundamental To Advanced

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Long-Term Evolution (LTE): From

Mobile Broadband Wireless Networking

LTE Long Term Evolution the next

generation mobile and wireless broadband

Improved spectrum efficiency: 3 4 times in downlink

and 2 -3 times in uplink higher than UMTS

Support of scalable bandwidth: 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20

Reduced CAPital and OPerational EXpenditures (CAPEX, OPEX)

Mobile Broadband Wireless Networking

Cost vs. Revenue

LTE Network Architecture

LTE Network Architecture

Mobile Broadband Wireless Networking

LTE Network Architecture

July 22, 2015

LTE Protocol Architecture User

User Datagram Protocol

Transmission Control Protocol

Packet Data Convergence Protocol

Medium Access Control

GPRS Tunneling Protocol

Mobile Broadband Wireless Networking

LTE Protocol Architecture Control

Stream Control Transmission

Radio Resource Control

Mobile Broadband Wireless Networking

LTE Key Parameters

UMTS FDD bands and UMTS TDD bands

1.4 MHz, 3 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz, 20 MHz

Downlink: QPSK, 16 QAM, 64 QAM

Downlink: OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division

Downlink: Wide choice of MIMO configuration options

Peak Data rate

Downlink: 150 Mb/s (UE category 4, 22 MIMO, 20

Mobile Broadband Wireless Networking

LTE Frequency Bands

Uplink (eNodeB receive

Downlink (eNodeB transmit

1920 MHz 1980 MHz

2110 MHz 2170 MHz

1850 MHz 1910 MHz

1930 MHz 1990 MHz

1710 MHz 1785 MHz

1805 MHz 1880 MHz

1710 MHz 1755 MHz

2110 MHz 2155 MHz

824 MHz 849 MHz

869 MHz 894 MHz

830 MHz 840 MHz

875 MHz 885 MHz

2500 MHz 2570 MHz

2620 MHz 2690 MHz

880 MHz 915 MHz

925 MHz 960 MHz

1749.9 MHz 1784.9 MHz

1844.9 MHz 1879.9 MHz

1710 MHz 1770 MHz

2110 MHz 2170 MHz

1427.9 MHz 1452.9 MHz

1475.9 MHz 1500.9 MHz

698 MHz 716 MHz

728 MHz 746 MHz

777 MHz 787 MHz