Trace the Origin

Trace the origin of print,

broadcasting and the internet with
emphasis on the impact each
medium had on the incumbent
medium as well as the effect it had
on the masses/consumers.

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 Media
• reach a very large audience
• Public Media : it is the sum of the public mass
distributors of news and entertainment across
media such as newspapers, television, radio,
broadcasting.
• includes Internet media (like blogs, message
boards, podcasts, and video sharing) because
individuals now have a means to exposure that is
comparable in scale to that previously restricted
to a select group of mass media producers.

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 PRINT MEDIA
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 History
• 25,000-30,000 years B.C. first humans
painted descriptive pictures on cave walls.
The narrative compositions left on the walls of
Lascaux represented their own way of
communicating with the spiritual world and
another. The well-preserved drawing depicted
their deep religious beliefs, fears, and every
day life.
• One of the earliest examples of pictorial
writing was found in the excavation of Uruk in
Mesopotamia, dating from 3500 B.C. The
Sumerians developed cuneiform (pictographs)
writing on wet clay tablets. Later (2900 B.C.),
the Egyptians developed hieroglyphic writing.
Special scribes were employed to keep
records for the priest class who exacted
taxation from the population.

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 The Origin of Newspaper
• Invented by Johann Gutenberg in 1447
• In 17th century, newspapers began to appear as
regular and frequent publications.
• Content began to shift toward more local issues
in the latter half of the 17th century.
• the telegraph in 1844: information transferred
within a matter of minutes, allowing for more
timely, relevant reporting.
• 19th century: the primary means of
disseminating and receiving information.
• Golden age: between 1890 to 1920

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 Impact
• Spreading Literacy.
• Other people’s ideas were more readily available. Hence
encouraging religious reform, scientific advancement
cultural, political and economic climate and increasing
industrialisation etc.
• Initial social effects of printing was that the traditional
village storyteller disappeared.
• Many cheap printed books and ballads which were being
produced in abundance at the time.
• Craving for a lifestyle reflecting uniformity and rigidity,
and so the complex systems of indexing and cataloguing
that we have today came into being.
• The technology of print communication can be seen as
promoting both individualism and uniformity. At the
same time, print allowed an increase in governmental
control ‘by making the vernacular a mass medium print
created a new instrument
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of political centralism
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previously unknown.
 Impact

Religious Impact
Social impact
 Critical reading
 Dangerous Reading
 Creative reading
 Extensive Reading
 Private reading

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 BROADCASTING

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 Origin of Broadcasting
• Dot-dash radio telegraphy (primarily Marconi) was
used experimentally in 1897
• Broadcasting was made possible with the invention of
the audion tube by
• De Forest in 1906
• First signal carrying voice and music in 1906 by
Reginald Fessenden
• Voices of Caruso and Emmy Dustin were broadcasted
experimentally in 1910
• Entry of U.S army in world world war
• Charles Herrold of San Jose, California sent out
broadcasts as early as April 1909
• From his Herrold School electronics institute in
downtown San Jose

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 Evolution and
Milestones
Radio
• November 1923- Amateur
broadcasting
• July 1927- First regular radio
broadcast (bombay)
• 26 August 1927- First station
commenced (Calcutta)
• June 1930- Indian Broadcasting
Company went into liquidation
– 1 April 1930- IBC under
Department of labour and
Industries
• August 1935- Lionel Fieldon (BBC)
became Controller of
broadcasting
 Cont…
• 1 January 1936- Central station (Delhi)
• June 1935- IBC changed to All India Radio
– Private stations set up: Peshawar & Allahabad
• 1930-36- started news broadcasting
• 1937- AIR transferred to Department of Communication
• 1939- AIR broadcasting to foreign audience
• 1941- AIR transferred to Department of Information and
broadcasting1957- Vividh Bharti or All India Variety
Programme(AIVP)channel
• 1967- Vividh Bharti channels commercialised
• 23 July 1969- Special youth service inaugurated at Delhi
 Cont…
Television
• 15 September 1959- Television started
• 1975- Centres opened in Calcutta, Madras and
Lucknow
• April 1976- Doordarshan constituted as separate
department
• 1 August 1975- 31 July 1976- Satellite Instructional
Television Experiment(SITE) conducted
• 15 August 1982- Natinal coverage provided by
Doordarshan
• November-December 1982- Coverage by
Doordarshan to 9th Asian games
• July 1983- Expansion of network
• August 1980- Government abolished licenses on
single and two-band radio sets
 Impact of Radio
• Employment:
– Broadcasting provided about 327,000 wage and salary jobs in
2004.
– about 73 percent of all jobs were in establishments with at least 50
employees
• I live in a strictly rural community, and people here speak of “The
Radio” in the large sense, with an over-meaning.  When they say “The
Radio” they don’t mean a cabinet, an electrical phenomenon, or a
man in a studio, they refer to a pervading and somewhat godlike
presence which has come into their lives and homes. 
                         —E. B. White,
• Radio defined the twentieth century as much as the automobile.
• The new medium of radio was to the printing press what the telephone
had been to the letter: it  allowed immediacy

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 Impact ofRadio
• The radio, which knew no geographic boundaries, 
drew  people  together  as never before.
– Radio became a “godlike presence,” as the essayist E.
B. White described it.
• Its impact was greatest—the second and third
decades of the 1900s.
• Radio announcers swiftly become personalities,
too, with whom listeners felt they had an intimate
acquaintance
• Through the economic turmoil of the depression,
radio was one of the most important forces
keeping the nations together.

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 Impact of Television
• By the early thirties commercials had become the
standard way of financing broadcasts.  Convenience
goods, consumed by millions, became the most popular
products to sell, accounting for 86 percent of the network
and 70 percent of the non-network advertisements in
1934
• By 1953, when there were more than 17 million television
sets in the United States, many proclaimed that radio
would soon die
• While television changed the function of radio in society, it
did not eliminate it.

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 Impact of television
• The earliest television networks in the United States
(NBC, CBS) were actually part of the larger radio
network systems.
• The 1950s time period witnessed, for example, the
closing of many movie theaters, as motion pictures
competed with television for consumer attention.
• Cable TV was developed very early on and began to
be used in the 1950s as a way to expand the reach
of network television in areas that had problems
receiving broadcast signals

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 INTERNET

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 History
Three individuals and a
research conference:
•Vannevar Bush: wrote the first
visionary description of the
potential uses for information
technology with his description
of the "memex" automated
library system.
•Norbert Wiener: invented the
field of Cybernetics.
•The 1956 Dartmouth Artificial
Intelligence
•Marshall McLuhan made the
idea of a global village

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 Cont…
• A special computer called an Interface Message
Processor was developed to realize the design, and
the ARPANET went live in early October, 1969.
• The first communications were between Leonard
Kleinrock's research center at the University of
California at Los Angeles, and Douglas Engelbart's
center at the Stanford Research Institute.
• The first networking protocol used on the ARPANET
was the Network Control Program.
• In 1983, it was replaced with the TCP/IP protocol.
• In 1990, the ARPANET was retired and transferred to
the NSFNET.
• NSF's enlightened management, and fueled by the
popularity of the web, the use of the Internet
exploded after 1990, causing the US Government to
transfer management to independent organizations
starting in 1995.
 Impact of Internet
• Telenetworking
You can work from the comfort of your own home.
There is no time wasted travelling and no travel costs.
It enables you to work around the needs of your family and/or
children, giving you greater flexibility.
It is more convenient - you can plan the working day to suit you,
which could help reduce stress levels.

• Video conferencing
Meetings can take place without leaving the office.
Travel costs and the time taken to travel can be reduced significantly.
Meetings can be called instantly worldwide with little notice.
Delegates can still attend meetings even if they are physically unable
to.

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 Impact of Internet
How the Internet is changing our lifestyle
• Home shopping
 You can avoid long queues, save time and shop from the comfort of
your own home.
 You do not have to travel into city centres or pay for car parking costs.
 You can shop around for the best prices and shop abroad for cheaper
goods.
 It can offer the customer a wider range of shopping, 24 hours a day all
year round.
 People who are house-bound have the ability to shop and have goods
delivered.
Benefits to the company include:
 It opens the market to customers nationally and internationally.
 It enables smaller companies to compete with larger companies.
 There may be a possible reduction in staffing and/or shopping outlets,
thereby reducing costs.
 You can offer 24 hour shopping at minimum cost.

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 Impact of Internet
How the Internet is changing our
lifestyle
• Home banking
 All services are from the comfort of your home or
workplace, 24 hrs a day, 365 days a year.
 Higher interest rates are available to Internet bankers.
 It is easy to shop around on line for the best interest rates
and switch funds automatically .

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 Thank You

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