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Note: the effect of alloying elements on the phase stability of ferrite should not be confused with their effect on the stability of graphite or cementite, which may be quite
different.
What is %C of
eutectoid for 3% Si?
Where T is the .. .
Plots of 1/ versus temperature are thus linear, with a negative slope
as shown by the dashed line for a plain carbon eutectoid steel.
The addition of 0.4-1.8 wt% Cr
displaces the plot to the right, ie.,
to .. and upwards to
lamellar spacing.
The addition of 1.08-1.8 %Mn
displaces the plot to the left, ie.,
to lower TE and downwards to
larger lamellar spacing.
What does Mn stand for?
f(t) 1 e
Time-Temperature-Transformation Curves
(TTT Curves)
Time-Temperature-Transformation Curves
(TTT Curves)
The TTT curve is divided into areas, which represent single constituent fields
or two component regions.
To the left of the 1% pearlite C-curve the microstructure is austenitic.
To the right of the 99% pearlite C-curve, the microstructure is pearlitic.
Between the curves, the microstructure is a mixture of austenite and pearlite.
The amount of the two constituents can be obtained by plotting further
C-curves for 10%P, 20%P, 50%P, etc.
Time-Temperature-Transformation Curves
(TTT Curves)
The TTT curves are only plotted for temperatures above the knee of
the temperature dependent growth rate curve for pearlite.
As the temperature is lowered to this knee, the time to start the
reaction, which is the , is drastically lowered and
is a maximum at 600 oC.
In plain carbon steels, an in nucleation and growth rate with
the degree of undercooling can . the incubation period
to zero so that the decomposition of austenite cannot be
suppressed by rapid quenching.
At temperatures below the knee of the C-curve, competing
microstructures can become more stable than pearlite.
Below the knee of the C-curve, . forms isothermally, while
.. forms athermally on quenching below 250 oC as
indicated by the horizontal lines at the bottom of the TTT plot.
Upper Bainite
Upper bainite formed at 460 oC is composed of a very fine structure
composed of laths of ferrite with layers of cementite between the
laths.
In the electron micrographs taken at 15,000x magnification, the dark
regions are packets of ferrite laths and the light regions are
cementite.
Upper Bainite
Lower bainite formed at 250 oC is much courser and the -carbide
particles are precipitated with the ferrite.
In the electron micrographs taken at 15,000x magnification, the ferrite
plates are a more regular and needle-like in shape while the carbide
particles are smaller in size and appear as striations at an angle of 55
degrees to the axis of the plate.
a (martensite) 2a (austenite)
While the c lattice parameter of the tetragonal martensite unit cell is given by
c (martensite) c (austenite)
Vat a
a
a
3
0.3599
2
2
4 0.0233 nm 3
Lath Martensite
Lath martensite occurs in plain carbon steels with < 0.4% C and Fe-Ni-Mn.
Lenticular Martensites
These martensites occurs in high carbon steels with > 0.4% C and Fe-Ni-Mn,
Distort the bcc -Fe structure to bct and thereby build up large elastic stresses,
The start and finishing times for isothermal pearlite and bainite reactions