REPRODUCTION ?

The
Theability
abilityof
ofliving
livingthings
things
to
toproduce
produceoffspring
offspringor
or
new
newindividuals
individuals

Reproduction
Reproductionensures
ensuresthe
the
continuation
continuationof
ofaaspecies
speciesand
and
prevents
preventsititfrom
fromextinction
extinction

The male reproductive system

THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Details of the testes

The male reproductive system

Organ
Testis
Scrotum

Function
Produces sperms and male hormones after
puberty
Sac that protects the testis

Vas deferens Long tube that carries sperms from the testis
to the urethra
Epididymis

Is place of storage and ripening found around the

testis

Penis

Ejects semen containing sperms and deposits them

in the vagina of the female body during sexual
intercourse

Seminal vesicle

Produces a slippery fluid containing nutrients

and enzymes to nourish and activate the
sperms, enabling the sperms to swim actively

Urethra

Tube that carries sperms from the vas

deferens (sperm duct) to the outside of the
body

Prostate gland

Secretes a milky , alkaline fluid that helps to

nourish and protect the sperms during sexual
intercourse.
The mixture of sperms and fluids from the
prostate gland and seminal vesicle is called
semen

Cowper gland

Secrete a slippery fluid which mixed with the

sperms

The Female Reproductive System

The Female Reproductive System

Details of the ovary

The Female Reproductive System

Organ

Function

Ovary

Produce egg or ovum and female hormones after

puberty

Fallopian tube
(Oviduct)

*Directs the ovum from the ovary to the uterus

Uterus

*Place where the ovum is fertilized by the sperm

*Place where implantation of the embryo occurs
Place where the embryo and fetus developing
during pregnancy
Protects the embryo and fetus from injury

Cervix

Widens during childbirth for the baby to come out

of the uterus

Vagina

*Place where the semen is deposited during

sexual intercourse
* That is natural outlet of baby

GAMETOGENESIS ?

Process of forming sex cell

Spermatogenesis
Gametogenesis

Oogenesis

Spermatogenesis

Oogenesis.

Structure of a sperm and ovum

Structure of a sperm and ovum

Comparison between male and female gametes

Sperm

Differences

Much smaller than ovum

The smallest cell in the
male body (0.001mm
0.05mm)

Size

Millions of sperms are

released during each
ejaculation

Number

Mobile- has a tail that

enables it to swim towards
the ovum

Mobility

Ovum
Larger than the sperm
The largest cell in the
female body (about 0.2
mm)
Usually only one ovum is
released each month

Not mobile

Menstruation

Menstrual
Menstrual Cycle
Cycle

1. The monthly discharge of disintegrated uterine lining together with the

unfertilized ovum and blood from the uterus through the vagina is
called menstruation
2. Menstruation starts when a girl reaches puberty
3. A menstrual cycle normally takes about 28 days
4. A menstrual cycle begins with menstruation. Menstruation occurs
during the first to the fifth day of the menstrual cycle
5. During menstruation, the uterine lining breaks down and is shed
through the vagina
6. After menstruation, the repair of the uterine lining begins. The uterine
lining becomes thick, spongy and full of blood vessels

7. Ovulation is the release of an ovum from one of the two ovaries into the
Fallopian tube. It occurs between the thirteenth and fifteenth day
8. If the ovum is fertilized, a zygote will form and develop into an embryo
which will implant itself into the uterine lining. The uterine lining will
remain thicken and protect the embryo. Menstruation stops during
pregnancy and continues after the baby is born
9. If the ovum is not fertilized, the uterine lining will broken down. The
uterine lining will be discharged through the vagina together with the
blood and the disintegrated ovum. Menstruation starts again.
10. The fertile phase in a menstrual cycle is from the eleventh to the
seventeenth day. During this phase, sperms inside the vagina may
fertilize the ovum. A woman who has sexual intercourse during the fertile
phase may become pregnant.
11. During menstruation, vaginal infection may occur because bacteria and
fungi may grow in the blood in the reproductive tract. Thus, hygienic
measures must be taken to prevent infection and unpleasant odors.

The hormonal control of the menstrual

cycle
The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland secrete follicle
stimulating hormone (FSH) into the bloodstream.
FSH stimulates the development of the follicles in the
ovaries. It also stimulates the follicle in the ovary to
secrete estrogen
After menstruation estrogen causes the repair and
growth of the uterine lining (endometrium). The uterine
lining becomes thick and spongy with blood vessel. A
high concentration of estrogen in the blood inhibits FSH
production, preventing the ripening and growth of more
follicles. Estrogen stimulates the pituitary gland to
secrete luteinising hormone (LH).

 Function of LH :
- It causes ovulation
- It also causes the formation of the corpus luteum
Corpus luteum
The corpus luteum secretes progesterone and also
some estrogen
Function of Progesterone :
- It keeps the uterine lining thick and well supplied with
blood, preparing it for the implantation of the embryo.
- It inhibits both FSH and LH production

FERTILIZATION
FERTILIZATION and
and
PREGNANCY
PREGNANCY
1. During sexual intercourse, the male
ejaculates semen (contains million of
sperms into the vagina of the female.
From the vagina, the sperms swim
their way up through the cervix into
the uterus and finally reach the
Fallopian tube.
2. If there is an ovum in the Fallopian
tube, the sperms will surround it. Only
one sperm will penetrate the ovums
membrane.
3. The nuclei of the sperm and the ovum
will fuse together and a zygote is
formed. This process is called
fertilization

4. After fertilization, the zygote moves along the Fallopian tube to the
uterus, the zygote divides again and again to form a ball of cell,
called embryo.
5. When the embryo reaches the uterus, it implants itself into the thick
uterine lining. This process is called implantation.

Development of
zygote

6. After implantation, embryonic membranes develop to enclose the

embryo in a double-layered capsule, called the amniotic cavity. The
amniotic cavity is filled with a fluid known is the amniotic fluid.
7. The amniotic fluid helps to support the embryo and protects it from
shock and injury.
8. Finger-like villi will grow from the embryo into the uterine wall. The villi
contain the blood vessel of the embryo.
9. The villi together with the part of the uterus in which they are
embedded form a structure known as the placenta
10. The embryo is attached to the placenta by tube, called the umbilical
cord
11. Function of placenta and umbilical cord :
a. Transfers dissolved nutrients, antibody and oxygen from the
mothers blood into that of the embryos
b. Transfer metabolic waste product (carbon dioxide and urea) from
the embryos blood into that of the mothers

12. About eight weeks after fertilization, when all the main organs are
formed, the embryo is called a fetus.
13. The period between fertilization and the birth of the fetus is known
as gestation period. Human have a gestation period about 38 to 40
weeks.
14. During birth, the uterine walls contract and help to push the fetus out
through the vagina.