Freshwater,

Streams, Lakes,
Wetlands and
Groundwater
Prepared By:
Saculo, Rosa Rica G.
Gamaro, Jeriz Frank F.
Tulalian John Martin Z.

COURSE OUTLINE:
1.Freshwater
types, uses and sources
2.Streams
types and importance
3.Lakes
names, types, importance and
formation
4.Wetlands
types, importance and facts
5.Groundwater
facts, quality, uses, measurement,
cycle and data

FRESHWAT
ER

Freshwater
is
naturally
occurring water on the Earth's
surface in ice sheets, ice caps,
glaciers,
icebergs,
bogs,
ponds, lakes, rivers and
streams, and underground.

TYPES OF
FRESHWAT
ER

STATIC
WATER

water
collected
and
stored
in
reservoirs,
tanks, etc., as for urban
use.

FLOWING
WATER

Flowing water ecosystems

often
originate
in
mountains or hills. A
flowing water ecosystem is
any type of water that has
a constant flow over top of
land. Some examples are
waterfalls,
creeks,
streams, and rivers.

USE
S

The uses of water

include
drinking,
washing and cleaning,
cooking, transportation,
providing hydroelectric
power, irrigation and
recreation.

SOURC
ES

The source of almost all

fresh
water
is
precipitation from the
atmosphere, in the form
of mist, rain and snow.

STREA
MS

A stream is a body of
water with a current,
confined within a bed
and stream banks.

TYPES
OF
STREA
MS

BROO
K

A stream smaller than

a creek, especially one
that is fed by a spring
or seep. It is usually
small
and
easily
forded.

CREEK
a small to mediumsized natural stream. A
small inlet or bay
narrower
and
extending
farther
inland than a cove.

RIVE
R

A
large
natural
stream, which may
be a waterway.

RUNN
EL

The
linear
channel
between the parallel
ridges or bars on a
shoreline beach or river
floodplain, or between
a bar and the shore.
Also called a swale.

TRIBUTA
RY

A contributory stream,
or a stream which does
not reach the sea but
joins another river (a
parent
river).
Sometimes also called
a branch or fork.

IMPORTAN
CE
transport sediment,

Streams
wood,
organic matter, nutrients, chemical
contaminants, and many of the
organisms found in rivers. The literature
provides robust evidence that streams
are
biologically
connected
to
downstream waters by the dispersal
and migration of aquatic and semi
aquatic organisms, including fish,
amphibians, plants, microorganisms,
and invertebrates, that use both
upstream and downstream habitats

LAKE
S

A lake is an area localized

in
a
basin,
that
is
surrounded by land apart
from any river or other
outlet that serves to feed
or drain the lake.

TYPES
OF
LAKES

PERIGLACIAL
LAKE

Part of the lake's margin

is formed by an ice
sheet,
ice
cap
or
glacier, the ice having
obstructed the natural
drainage of the land.

SUBGLACIAL
LAKE

A
lake
which
is
permanently covered
by ice. They can occur
under glaciers, ice
caps or ice sheets.

GLACIAL
LAKE

A lake with origins in

a melted glacier, such
as a kettle lake.

ARTIFICIAL
LAKE
A
lake
created

by
flooding land behind a
dam,
called
an
impoundment
or
reservoir, by deliberate
human excavation, or by
the
flooding
of
an
excavation incident to a
mineral-extraction

ENDORHEICLAK
E

A lake which has no

significant outflow, either
through
rivers
or
underground
diffusion.
Any water within an
endorheic basin leaves
the system only through
evaporation.

MEROMICTICLA
KE

A lake which has layers

of water which do not
intermix. The deepest
layer of water in such a
lake does not contain any
dissolved oxygen.

FJORD LAKE
A lake in a glacially
eroded valley that has
been eroded below sea
level.

OXBOW LAKE
A lake which is formed
when a wide meander
from a stream or a river
is cut off to form a lake.
They are called "oxbow"
lakes
due
to
the
distinctive curved shape
that results from this
process.

RIFT LAKE OR SAG

POND

A lake which forms as

a result of subsidence
along
a
geological
fault in the Earth's
tectonic plates.

UNDERGROUND
LAKE

A lake which is formed

under the surface of
the Earth's crust. Such
a
lake
may
be
associated with caves,
aquifers or springs.

CRATER LAKE
A lake which forms in a
volcanic caldera or crater
after the volcano has
been inactive for some
time. Water in this type of
lake may be fresh or
highly acidic, and may
contain various dissolved
minerals.

LAVA LAKE
A pool of molten lava
contained in a volcanic
crater
or
other
depression. Lava lakes
that have partly or
completely solidified are
also referred to as lava
lakes.

FORME
R

A lake which is no longer

in existence. Such lakes
include prehistoric lakes
and lakes which have
permanently dried up
through evaporation or
human intervention.

EPHEMERAL
LAKE

A seasonal lake that

exists as a body of
water during only part
of the year.

SHRUNK
EN

Closely
related
to
former lakes, a shrunken
lake is one which has
drastically decreased in
size
over
geological
time.

EOLIC LAKE
A lake which forms in a
depression created by
the activity of the
winds.

EPISHELF LAKE
Unique lakes which exist
on top of a dense
saltwater body and are
surrounded by ice.

IMPORTAN
CE

The
extensive
natural
resources of the Basin
provide
numerous
opportunities for varied fish
and
wildlife
related
activities, drinking water,
recreation, production of
hydroelectricity,
industrial
water
supply,
waste

FORMATI
ON

Earthquake-triggered
landslide
Volcano eruption

WETLAN
DS

A wetland is a land area

that is saturated with water,
either
permanently
or
seasonally, such that it takes
on the characteristics of a
distinct ecosystem.

TYPES OF
WETLAND
S

MARSHES
are periodically saturated,
flooded, or ponded with
water and characterized
by
herbaceous
(nonwoody)
vegetation
adapted
to
wet
soil
conditions. Marshes are
further characterized as
tidal marshes and non-

SWAMPS
are fed primarily by surface
water
inputs and are
dominated by trees and
shrubs. Swamps occur in
either
freshwater
or
saltwater floodplains. They
are characterized by very
wet
soils
during
the
growing
season
and

BOGS
are freshwater wetlands
characterized by spongy
peat deposits, a growth of
evergreen
trees
and
shrubs,
and
a
floor
covered by a thick carpet
of sphagnum moss.

FEN
S

are ground water-fed

peat forming wetlands
covered by grasses,
sedges,
reeds,
and
wildflowers. Willow and
birch are also common.

IMPORTAN
CE
Prevent flooding by holding
water much like a sponge.
Release vegetative matter
into rivers, which helps feed
fish in the rivers.
For
migration
or
reproduction.

FACT
most S important

The
factor
producing wetlands is flooding.
The
duration
of
flooding
determines
whether
the
resulting wetland has aquatic,
marsh or swamp vegetation.

GROUNDWAT
ER

QUALIT
Y
Polluted groundwater is less
visible, but more difficult to
clean up, than pollution in rivers
and lakes. Groundwater pollution
most often results from improper
disposal of wastes on land.

MEASUREME
NT
Groundwater levels are measured
manually using a dipper or
automatically
by
a
pressure
transducer. Automatic readings
may be stored in a datalogger that
is
visited
periodically
and
downloaded by field staff, or sent
automatically over the phone
network to a database in a data
centre (telemetry).

CYCLE

DATA
The data from the archive are
used
to
prepare
archive
products such as the monthly
hydrological summaries, annual
summaries and the statistics
volume.