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10
Network Theorems
McGraw-Hill
Fig. 10-1: Superposition theorem applied to a voltage divider with two sources V1 and V2. (a)
Actual circuit with +13 V from point P to chassis ground. (b) V1 alone producing +16 V at P. (c) V2
alone producing 3 V at P.
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R1
15 V
V1
100
10
20
R3
R1
15 V
V1
100
10
13 V
V2
R2
20
R3
V2 shorted
15 V
V1
V1 shorted
R1
R2
100
20
10
R3
R1
R2
100
20
10
R3
13 V
V2
13 V
V2
15 V
V1
R1
R2
100
20
13 V
V2
0.094 A 0.406 A
With V2 shorted
REQ = 106.7 , IT = 0.141 A and IR3 = 0.094 A
With V1 shorted
REQ = 29.09 , IT = 0.447 A and IR3 = 0.406 A
Adding the currents gives IR3 = 0.5 A
15 V
V1
R1
R2
100
20
10
R3
0.5 A
13 V
V2
Fig. 10-3: Application of Thevenins theorem. (a) Actual circuit with terminals A and B across
RL. (b) Disconnect RL to find that VAB is 24V. (c) Short-circuit V to find that RAB is 2.
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Fig. 10-3 (d) Thevenin equivalent circuit. (e) Reconnect RL at terminals A and B to find that VL is
12V.
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Fig. 10-5: Thevenizing a circuit with two voltage sources V1 and V2. (a) Original circuit with
terminals A and B across the middle resistor R3. (b) Disconnect R3 to find that VAB is 33.6V. (c)
Short-circuit V1 and V2 to find that RAB is 2.4 . (d) Thevenin equivalent with RL reconnected to
terminals A and B.
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Be Thevenized.
Problem: Find the voltage
Fig. 10-6: Thevenizing a bridge circuit. (a) Original circuit with terminals A and B across middle
resistor RL.
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Fig. 10-7: General forms for a voltage source or current source connected to a load RL across
terminals A and B. (a) Voltage source V with series R. (b) Current source I with parallel R. (c)
Current source I with parallel conductance G.
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Fig. 10-9: Same circuit as in Fig. 10-3, but solved by Nortons theorem. (a) Original circuit. (b)
Short circuit across terminals A and B.
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Fig. 10-9(c) The short-circuit current IN is 36/3 = 12 A. (d) Open terminals A and B but shortcircuit V to find RAB is 2 , the same as RTH.
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IL = IN x RN/RN + RL = 12 x 2/4 = 6 A
Fig. 10-9(e) Norton equivalent circuit. (f) RL reconnected to terminals A and B to find that IL is 6A.
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10-6: Thevenin-Norton
Conversions
Thevenins theorem says that any network can be
10-6: Thevenin-Norton
Conversions
Thevenin
Norton
Fig. 10-11: Thevenin equivalent circuit in (a) corresponds to the Norton equivalent in (b).
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10-6: Thevenin-Norton
Conversions
Fig. 10-12: Example of Thevenin-Norton conversions. (a) Original circuit, the same as in Figs.
10-3a and 10-9a. (b) Thevenin equivalent. (c) Norton equivalent.
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Fig. 10-15: Converting two current sources I1 and I2 in series to voltage sources V1 and V2 that
can be combined. (a) Original circuit. (b) I1 and I2 converted to series voltage sources V1 and V2.
(c) Equivalent circuit with one combined voltage source VT.
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R1 R 2 R 3
VXY
etc
1 1
1
R1 R 2 R 3
This formula converts the voltage sources to current
Fig. 10-17: The same circuit as in Fig. 9-4 for Kirchhoffs laws, but shown with parallel branches
to calculate VXY by Millmans theorem.
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10-9: T or Y and or
Conversions
Circuits are sometimes called different names according
to their shapes.
This circuit is the same circuit in both diagrams. The
one on the left is a T (tee) network; the one on the right
is a Y (wye) network.
10-9: T or Y and or
Conversions
Both of the following networks are the same; the one on
10-9: T or Y and or
Conversions
The Y and forms are different ways to connect three
convert a to a Y or vice-versa.
10-9: T or Y and or
Conversions
Delta-to-Wye Conversion
A delta () circuit can be converted to a wye (Y)
equivalent circuit by applying Kirchhoffs laws:
RA
R2
RC
RB
R3
R1
10-9: T or Y and or
Conversions
Wye-to-delta Conversion
A wye (Y) circuit can be converted to a delta ()
equivalent circuit by applying Kirchhoffs laws:
RA
R2
R3
R1
RC
RB
10-9: T or Y and or
Conversions
Useful aid in using formulas:
Place the Y inside the .
Note the has three closed
sides and the Y has three
open arms.
Note how resistors can be
considered opposite each
other in the two networks.
Each resistor in an open
arm has two adjacent
resistors in the closed sides.
Fig. 10-21: Conversion between Y and networks.
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10-9: T or Y and or
Conversions
In the formulas for the Y-to- conversion, each side of
10-9: T or Y and or
Conversions
For the -to-Y conversion, each arm of the wye is
10-9: T or Y and or
Conversions
A Wheatstone Bridge Can Be Simplified.
10-9: T or Y and or
Conversions
RT = R + R1 = 2.5 + 2 = 4.5
Fig. 10-22 (c) The Y substituted for the network. The result is a series-parallel circuit with
the same RT as the original bridge circuit. (d) RT is 4.5 between points P3 and P4.
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