PRONOUNS

He
We
We

Us

Sh
e

Definition
"Pronoun" is the sentence
element used to replace a
noun, or a noun equivalent
construction. The replaced
noun is named the
"."antecedent

CATEGORIE
S OF
PRONOUNS

Syntactically, pronouns
have the same functions as
nouns do; morphologically,
pronouns are used to avoid
repetition, and to
set/clarify nouns'
categories of number,
. person, and gender

There are eight categories of pronouns,

The
:categories of pronouns are
.Personal Pronouns. 1
Possessive Pronouns .. 2
3. Demonstrative Pronouns.
4. Reflexive and Emphatic Pronouns.
5. Interrogative Pronouns.
6. Relative Pronouns.
7. Reciprocal Pronouns.
.8. Indefinite Pronouns

PERSONAL
PRONOUN

Personal pronouns represent specific

people or things. We use them depending
:on
. number: singular (I) or plural ( we)
person: 1st person (I), 2nd person (you)
. or 3rd person(he)
gender: male (he), female (she) or neuter
. (it)
.case: subject (we) or object (us)

We use personal pronouns in place of

the person or people that we are
.talking about

Here are the personal pronouns, followed by some example

:sentences

personal pronouns
number

person

gender

subject

object

1st

male/fema
le

me

2nd

male/fema
le

you

you

male

he

him

female

she

her

neuter

it

it

1st

male/fema
le

we

us

2nd

male/fema
le

you

you

singular
3rd

plural

Examples (in each 3rd

case, themale/fema
first example shows
a subject
they
them
le/neuter
:pronoun, the second an object pronoun)

. I like coffee .John helped me ? Do you like coffee.John loves you . He runs fast?Did Ram beat him . She is clever?Does Mary know her . We went home.Anthony drove us . It doesn't work?Can the engineer repair it ? Do you need a table for three?Did John and Mary beat you at doubles. They played doublesJohn and Mary beat them -

:We often use it to introduce a remark

It is nice to have a holiday. sometimes
. It is important to dress well.

We also often use it to talk about

the weather, temperature, time
:and distance
. It's rainingIt will probably be hot. tomorrow
? Is it nine o'clock yetIt's 50 kilometers from here. to Cambridge

Possessiv
e
Pronouns

We use possessive pronouns to refer to a specific person/people or

thing/things (the "antecedent")
belonging to a person/people (and
sometimes belonging to an
.animal/animals or thing/things)
You will never find apossessive pronoun near a
noun, despite the fact it is
the genitive of personal
:pronoun
We use possessive pronouns depending onnumber: singular (mine) or plural (ours)person: 1st person (mine), 2nd person(yours) or 3rd person (his)
. gender: male (his), female (hers)-

Below are the possessive pronouns, followed

by some example sentences. Each possessive
:pronoun can
. be subject or object.refer to a singular or plural antecedentnumber

singular

person

gender (of
"owner")

possessive
pronouns

1st

male/female

mine

2nd

male/female

yours

male

his

female

hers

1st

male/female

ours

2nd

male/female

yours

3rd

male/female/ne
uter

theirs

3rd

plural

:Examples
Look at these pictures. Mine is the bigone. (subject = My picture)
I like your flowers. Do you like mine?(object = my flowers)

All the essays were good but his was thebest. (subject = his essay)
John found his passport but Mary couldn'tfind hers. (object = her passport)

Singular

Plural

my
Used
your
before
nouns his, her,
its
mine
Used
yours
alone

our
your
their
ours
yours
theirs

his, hers,
its

REFLEXIVE
AND
EMPHATIC
PRONOUN

Definitio
ns

Reflexive pronoun is used with an active voiceverb in order to reflect the action of the verb
back on the subject--the antecedent.
-Emphatic pronoun accompanies its
antecedent in order to accentuate its
action/state.
-Reflexive and emphatic pronouns take
. different positions within the sentence structure

We use a reflexive pronoun**

when we want to refer back to
the subject of the sentence or
clause. Reflexive pronouns end
in "-self" (singular) or "-selves"
. (plural)
There are eight reflexive
reflexive pronoun
: pronouns
singular

myself
yourself
himself, herself, itself

plural

ourselves
yourselves
themselves

the underlined words are

the SAME person/thing

. I saw myself in the mirror ?Why do you blame yourself . John sent himself a copy -

I made it myself. OR I myself made. it

Have you yourself seen it? OR Have? you seen it yourself
She spoke to me herself. OR She. herself spoke to me

DEMONSTRATI
VE
PRONOUN

Demonstrative pronouns
and demonstrative
adjectives have exactly
the same forms. The way
to differentiate them
depends on their position
relative to the
Demonstrative pronouns
antecedent/determined
.THIS, THESE, THAT, THOSE
.nouns
THE FORMER, THE LATER
THE FIRST, THE LAST
THE OTHER,THE OTHERS
SAME
SUCH
SO

A demonstrative pronoun represents

:a thing or things
near in distance or time (this,*
these)
far in distance
or time
(that,*
near
far
those)
singular

this

that

plural

these

those

. This tastes good*

. These are bad times*
. That is beautiful*
! Those were the days*

ATTENTION
The word "that" has four main
functions:
1. demonstrative pronoun or
adjective:
That book is good.
2. relative pronoun:
Anything that you remember
could help a lot.
3. conjunction:
He said that he had been there
before.
4. adverb:

Do not confuse demonstrative pronounswith demonstrative adjectives. They are

identical, but a demonstrative pronoun
, stands alone
while a demonstrative adjective qualifies a
.noun
That smells. (demonstrative pronoun)That book is good. (demonstrativeNormally we use demonstrative pronouns
adjective + noun)
for things only. But we can use them for
people when the person is identified. Look
: at these examples
? This is Josef speaking. Is that MaryThat sounds like John-

INTERROGATIV
E
PRONOUN

We use interrogative pronouns to ask

questions. The interrogative pronoun
represents the thing that we don't know (what
. we are asking the question about)
There are four main interrogative pronouns:
. who, whom, what, which
The possessive pronounwhose can also be an
interrogative pronoun (an
interrogative possessive
.pronoun)

person

subject

object

who

whom

thing

what

person/thin
g

which

person

whose

possessi)
(ve

Examples
:
question

answer

Who told
? you

John told
. me

subject

Whom did
? you tell

. I told Mary

object

What's
? happened

An
accident's
. happened

subject

Relative
Pronouns

A relative pronoun is a pronounthat introduces a relative clause. It

is called a "relative" pronoun
because it "relates" to the word
.that it modifies
There are five relative pronouns: who,
.whom, whose, which, that
Who (subject) and whom (object) are generally
only for people. Whose is for possession.
Which is for things. That can be used for
people, and things and as subject and object in
.defining relative clauses

Relative pronouns can refer to singular or

plural, and there is no difference between
. male and female

:Examples
The person who phoned me last.night is my teacher

The car which hit me was yellowThe person whom I phoned.last night is my teacher
The car, whose driver jumpedout just before the accident,
was completely destroyed

Reciproc
al
Pronouns

We use reciprocalpronouns when each of

two or more subjects is
acting in the same way
.towards the other
There are only two reciprocal
pronouns, and they are both two
:words
each otherone another-

:When we use these reciprocal pronounsthere must be two or more people, things
or groups involved (so we cannot use
reciprocal pronouns with I, you [singular],
he/she/it), and
they must be doing the same thing

Examples
John
and Mary love each:

. other
The ten prisoners were all. blaming one another
Why don't you believe each?other

INDEFINITE
PRONOUN

An indefinite
pronoun does not
refer to any specific
person, thing or
amount. It is vague
and "not definite".
Some typical
indefinite pronouns

Some Indefinite Pronouns

Singular

Plura
l

another
everybody
no one both
anybody
everyone
few
nothing
many
anyone
everything
one
others
anything
much
severa
somebody
l
each
neither
All,
any, most,
none and some
someone
can be singular or plural,
either
nobody
depending
on the phrase that
something

Note that many indefinite pronouns

also function as other parts of speech.
Look at "another" in the following
:sentences
He has one job in the day and anotherat night. (pronoun)
I'd like another drink, please.(adjective)

Most indefinite pronouns are either

singular or plural. However, some of them
can be singular in one context and plural
.in another

Notice that : A singular pronoun takes

a singular verb AND that any personal
pronoun should also agree (in number
gender)All.and
is forgiven.
.- All have arrived
We can start the meeting because.everybody has arrived
John likes coffee but not tea. I think both are.good

Reference
. :www.englishclub.com
-1
s
-2
.www.corollarytheorems.com

Taghreed Ahmed
Basabrain
3091116