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Module7
Definitions
Material Handling Equipment & Classifications
Analysis and Design of Material Handling
Conveyor Systems
AGV systems
AS/RS
Introduction
Purpose of Material handling (MH) is the movement, storage, tracking (or control) of all
materials during manufacturing; and; also during distribution, consumption, and disposal.
Materials include raw materials, finished parts, tools, and supplies
Cost of MH could be a significant portion (10 to 70%) of total production cost
MH equipment is the conduit for materials flow and physical integration within a factory
(95% of time).
Automated MH is a key element in any flexible manufacturing system (primary and secondary
systems)
Because of movements, MH equipment are associated with many accidental injuries on the
job.
Requirements
Safety (humans and products including fragile
items)
Efficient (low cost)
Effective (Timely, Accurately)
Non-Powered Trucks
Powered Trucks
Conveyor Systems:
Types of Conveyors
Roller: a series of short tubes roll under the action of gravity or
powered ( belts or chains). Very common.( Skate wheel
conveyors)
Belt: a continuous belt loop driven by pulleys for moving
pallets, parts or bulk materials (troughed).
Overhead trolley: an endless moving cable or chain carries
trolleys on overhead rails. Hooks or baskets suspended from the
trolleys to carried loads.
In-floor tow line: a moving cable or chain buried in the floor
moves wheeled trailer carts along a fixed path.
Cart-on-track: individual carts ride on tracks driven by rotating
tube. (high positioning)
Types of Conveyors-1
Types of Conveyors-2
Conveyor Accessories
Angle Pushers
Diverters
Turntable
Switches
Flow Control traffic cop
Gates
Sorting
Pallet
truck
Material Characteristics
Plant Layout
Information required for system design are:
Path of materials flow and potential obstacles
Load and unload locations
Materials flow pattern and potential congestion points
Distances traveled
Arrangement of equipment within each department
Storage requirements and location for WIP
Total area of the facility
Plant layout strongly influences the type and the
configuration of equipment in a MH system (new ?)
- Fixed-position, Process (or Cellular) Type, Product-Flow
Plant Layout
Planning Principle
Standardization Principle
Work Principle
Ergonomics Principle human capabilities and limitations
Unit Load Principle
Space utilization principle
System principle
Automation principle
Environmental principle
Life Cycle Cost principle
From-to chart
Flow diagram
Conveyor Systems:
Common Characteristics
Are generally mechanized and sometimes automated
Follow fixed path (single direction, continuous loop,
recirculating)
Mounted on the floor or overhead
Move materials mostly in one-direction
Move discrete parts or bulk (continuous load)
Used for transport and dynamic storage (Later?)
Non-powered individual carriers or pallets ride on the
powered or gravity-driven conveyor
Conveyor Analysis:
Single Direction Conveyors
Load
Assumptions:
Station
1. Belt moves in one direction
TL
2. One load station at the input end
3. One unload station at the output end
Ld
Td
vc
vc
R f RL
where:
Td = delivery time (min/carrier)
Ld = conveying distance between load
and unload stations (m,ft)
vc = conveyor speed (m/min, ft/min)
Rf = material flow rate (parts/min)
TU < TL
Unload
Station
TU
Ld
sc
n p vc
sc
np
TL
Conveyor Analysis:
Example 1
It takes 20 sec to load 18 parts into each
tote pan and 4 sec to load the tote pan
onto the single direction belt conveyor.
Find:
TL
Ld =200 ft
vc= 50 ft/min
sc
Belt conveyor
Ld
200ft
Td
n p vc
sc
18 parts (50ft/min )
= 45 parts/min
20 ft
TU
Conveyor Analysis:
Continuous Closed-Loop Conveyors
nc
Ld Le
sc
Np
Empty carrier
Return leg
Consider a continuous
closed-loop conveyor, such as
an overhead trolley system
with one load and one unload Load
station
station. Assume that all
carriers are emptied at the
unload station.
Le
Unload
station
vc
Delivery leg
n p Ld
sc
n p nc Ld
Ld Le
Rf
Full
carrier
Ld
n p vc
sc
np
np
TL
Conveyor Analysis:
Recirculating Conveyors
Continuous loop conveyors can be used for storage, if
loaded carries are allowed to flow back on the return leg
raising the following possibilities:
Empty carriers are not available when needed for
loading
Full carriers are not immediately available for unloading
(airport conveyor)
Conveyor Analysis:
Recirculating Conveyors
Kwos recirculating conveyor design requirements with ONE load station
and ONE unload station. Three rules
Speed rule: Operating speed within a certain limit determined by
#carriers/min (vc/ sc ). The lower limit should be greater than or equal
the required loading or unloading rate whichever is the greater.
n p vc
sc
Max RU , R
parts/min
The upper limit should be less or equal to the capabilities of the material
handlers.
vc
<Min
sc
1 ,1
TL T U
min/carrier
Conveyor Analysis:
Recirculating Conveyors
Capacity constraint: The flow rate capacity of the conveyor must be at
least equal to the flow rate requirement to accommodate reserve stock
and allow for the time elapsed between loading and unloading due to
delivery distance.
n p vc
sc
n p vc
sc
Max RU , R
vc
<Min
sc
1 ,1
TL T U
Example 2 (continue)
2) Capacity Constraint
n p vc
sc
An AGVS is a automated
material handling system
consisting of independently
operated, self-propelled
vehicles that are
automatically guided along
defined paths.
Ld
Le
Tc TL
TU
vc
vc
Tc =
TL =
Ld =
vc =
TU =
Le =
AT 60 A T f E
(min/ hr per vehicle)
AT
Rdv
Tc
(Deliveries/hr per vehicle)
nc
Rf
Rdv
Vehicles
AGV: Example
It is desired to design a particular AGVS system that is
capable of making 40 deliveries/hr. The performance
characteristics of the system are:
Vehicle velocity = 150 ft/min
Average distance traveled per delivery = 450 ft
Average distance traveled empty = 450 ft
Pick up time = 45 sec
Drop-off time = 45 sec
Traffic factor = 0.90
Determine the required number of vehicles.
Storage Systems
System Throughput
Defined as the hourly rate at which the storage system
Receives and puts loads into storage (storage
transaction) and/or
Retrieves and delivers loads to the output station
(retrieval transaction)
Single command cycle or Dual command cycle
System is designed to handle the MAX hourly rate required.
Some Formulas
Unit load
Miniload
Man-on-board
Others
Carousel AS/RS
Top view
Unit-Load Layout
Storage/Retrieval
S/R machine
Pickup/Deposit
(P/D) stations
Row
Interface
conveyor
Aisles
Storage
racks
Front view
Adapted from: Groover, M.P, Automation Production Systems, Prentice-Hall, 1987, p. 409.
Bay
AS/RS Design:
System Requirements Specification
Storage capacity:
load sizes
size and number of storage compartments
number of rows and number of bays in each row
Space requirements:
bay width, bay depth, rack length and rack height (30-90')
aisle spacing, number of racks and system overall size
System performance:
required number of (store/retrieve) cycles per hour,
capacity of each S/R machine in (cycles/hr)
number of S/R machines required
cycle time for retrieve, store or for both
Ls = nh (x + a)
Hs = nv(y + b)
Ws = k (z + c)
Ws
Hs
nv
Aisle unit
nh
Ls
y+b
x+a
Basic storage compartment
containing a unit load
Ws
Aisle unit
Hs
nv
nh
Ls
AS/RS : Throughput
Transaction cycle time Tsc depends on average travel times of the
S/R machine and pickup or deposit times:
Assumptions
Single-command cycle initiating a store or retrieve
transaction (dual-)
Randomized storage of pallets
Storage compartments of equal size
P/D station located at base and end of aisle
Uniform horizontal and vertical speed of S/R machine
Simultaneous horizontal and vertical movement of S/R
60 A
nsc
Tsc
Where:
nsc = number of P/D cycles a machine can make per hour
Tsc = single-command transaction cycle time per machine (min)
A = fraction of time an S/R machine is available
ndt
nsc
Where:
Nm,min = minimum number of S/R machines required
nsc
= number of P/D cycles a machine can make per hr
ndt
= total number of P/D cycles required per hour
AS/RS:
Storage Carousel
Groover, M., 1987, Automation, Production Systems, and Computer Integrated Manufacturing