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Documenti di Professioni
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CHILD PSYCHOLOGY
Contents
Part-1
Introduction
History
Dental/Clinical Application
Conclusion
References
Part-2
Freudians V/S Non Freudians.
Eriksons Biography.
Eriksons Major Work.
Methodology.
Psychosocial Developmental Tasks Theory.
Eriksons 8 Stages Of Development.
Critical Analysis Of Eriksons Theory.
Freud Vs. Erikson
References
Part-3
Cognitive Development theory by Piaget
Related studies
Classic conditioning theory
Part-4
Operant conditioning theory
Social Learning theory
Hierarchy of needs
Learning Objectives
At the end of the presentation the learner should be able to:
1. Define child psychology
2. Understand why studying child psychology is important
3. List the classification of child psychology
4. Enumerate various stages of Psychoanalytical theory in detail
5. Describe the dental/clinical application of Freuds theory
6. Critically analyze the Freuds theory
Introduction
Studying psychology is a bit like sailing a small boat on the high
seas.
Children should not be studied as embryonic adults, but in their
essential child nature so as to understand their capacities and
know how to deal with them
~John Amos Comenius
Definitions
Psychology is both a field of study and also a means of improving
the quality of life ~Kimble 1984
Psychology : science dealing with human nature , function and
phenomenon of his soul in main
Psychology can be defined as scientific study of behaviour and
mental processes
Child Psychology
Is the science that deals with the study of childs mind
and how it functions, it also deals with the mental power
or an interaction between the conscious and subconscious
element in a child
stages
History
From Speculation To Science: How Psychology
Developed
Behaviorism Flourishes
Clark Hull, behavioral approach still emphasized the study of
observable behavior, but it permitted careful inference to be
drawn about individuals internal states such as drives, needs
and habits
This movement towards the consideration of internal state was
dramatically reversed in 1950 by the work of B.F Skinner
(1904-1990),
Beyond Freedom and Dignity (1971), All behavior is fully
governed by external stimuli, environment not by ourselves
Cognitive Perspective
The 1950s and 1960s saw many discoveries that high
lightened the interrelationships among mind, body and
behavior.
Major progress in study of childs cognitive development
(Piaget 1954) memory (Miller 1956), language (Chomsky
1957) sparked a surge of interest in cognitive psychology
Classification of Theories
Academics
1873 Enters Medical School Of The University Of
Vienna
1876 First Original Piece Of Research
1881 Receives Medical Degree
1885-86 Studied Under Jean Charcot ( Paris)
Develops Interest In Psychology
Publication
Freud pioneered new techniques for
understanding human behaviour,
Comprehensive theory of personality and
psychotherapy ever developed
By 1895, the year he published Studies on
Hysteria with Josef Breuer
The Interpretation of Dreams in 1900 and
Psychopathology of Everyday Life in 1901.
Beyond the Pleasure Principle in 1920
The Ego and the Id
Introduction
Biography of SIGMUND FREUD
FREE
FREE ASSOCIATION
ASSOCIATI
ON
DREAM ANALYSIS
DREAM
ANALYSIS
TRANSFEREN
CE
3 parts
1) Theory of personality dynamics
Conscious, Unconscious
2) Theory of structure of personality
Id, Ego, Superego
3) Theory of psycho sexual development
Motives- Child at different stages of growth
Dynamic Approach
Seething cauldron an inherently selfish creature, who is
relentlessly driven by two kinds of instincts, which he called
Eros (Life instinct) and Thantos. (Death instinct)
Erogenous zones
The lips and oral cavity
The anal region The sex organs
in
Identification
Oedipal conflict
Involves attempt to resolve conflicts about ones behaviour by
identifying with another person who appears successful,
realistic, and moral trying to act as much like that person as
possible.
An accumulation of numerous identifications, made at various
periods of persons life, although the mother and father are
probably the most important identification figures in any once
life.
Freud regards identification as a relatively healthy defense
mechanism.
Displacement
Directs aggressive behavior away from someone or something
that has aroused anger toward someone against whom it is
both safe and morally acceptable to aggress.
For ex: a man who has angered by his boss might remove his
anger on his wife/ son.
The direction taken by a displacement is determined by two
factors:
resemblance of the substitute object to the original one
the sanctions and prohibitions imposed by the society
Contents
Introduction
Biography of SIGMUND FREUD
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TOPOGRAPHIC APPROACH
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TOPOGRAPHIC MODEL
The map of mind displays three topographic
regions-
Sigmund Freuds
Iceberg diagram
Contents
Introduction
Biography of SIGMUND FREUD
The it (Id )
inherited reservoir of
unrecognised drives
Resides in unconscious
Pleasure principle
Primary process of thinking
The I (Ego)
The ego is the component of personality that is responsible for
dealing with reality
Conscious& unconscious
Mental structure that interact with the real world to satisfy id
demands
Reality principle
Delayed gratification--the ego will eventually allow the
behavior, but only in the appropriate time and place.
Functions of ego
Control over voluntary motor activity
Judgment
Relation to reality
Object relationships
DEFENSE MECHANISMS
According to Freud anxiety is a danger
signal to the ego.
Defense
mechanisms
are
unconscious
DENIAL
Denial is an outright refusal to admit or recognize
that something has occurred or is currently
occurring
I FEEL SO
GOOD!
REPRESSION
Primary defense
mechanism in which
unacceptable or
unpleasant ID impulses are
pushed back into the
unconscious.
REGRESSION
It is a reversion to immature patterns of the
behaviour
DISPLACEMENT
SUBLIMATION
A defense mechanism
considered healthy by
Freud, in which a
person diverts
unwanted impulses
into socially
acceptable thoughts,
feelings or behavior.
PROJECTION
A defense mechanism in
which people attribute
their own inadequacies
or faults to someone
else.
Intellectualizati
on
works to reduce anxiety by thinking
about events in a cold, clinical way
RATIONALIZATION
Reaction formation
Reduces anxiety by taking up the opposite feeling,
impulse or behavior
FREUDS STAGES OF
PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
AN OVERVIEW
The Psychosexual Stages define how human personality
develops from our birth up to early adulthood.
Oral / Anal / Urethral / Phallic / Latency/ Genital
Without a proper resolution following each stage, we
may experience faults in our future personalities.
FIXATION
Both insufficient and
forceful feeding can result
in fixation in this stage.
Symptoms of Oral Fixation
:
Smoking
Constant chewing on gum,
pens, pencils, etc.
Nail biting
Overeating
FIXATIO
N Personality: If the
Anal-Expulsive
parents are too lenient, the child will
derive pleasure and success from the
expulsion .
Are excessively sloppy, disorganized,
reckless, careless, and defiant.
Anal-Retentive Personality: If a
child receives excessive pressure and
punishment, the child will experience
anxiety over bowel movements.
Very careful, stingy, withholding,
obstinate, meticulous.
URETHRAL STAGE
Transition between anal & phallic.
Derives pleasure by exercising control
over urinary sphincter.
Objectives similar to anal stage.
Oedipus Complex
OEDIPUS
COMPLEX(CONTD)
ELECTRA COMPLEX
THE LATENCY
STAGE
Transitioning
(8-13Y)
period between the
Phallic and Genital stages.
Focuses on areas like academics
and athletics, etc. Same-sex
friendships develop during this
time .
THE GENITAL
STAGE
Extends from
( 11-13Y)
onset of puberty
11-13
years of age until young adulthood.
Primary
objectives
are
ultimate
separation from dependence on &
attachment to parents & establishment
of mature relations.
Child
makes
contact
and
form
relationships with members of opposite
sex
SUPEREGO
undergoes
further
development and become more flexible
NORMAL ABNORMAL
CONTINUUM
EVALUATION OF FREUDS
THEORY
Strengths
WEAKNESSES
processes.
Weakness
DENTAL/CLINICAL
APPLICATIONS
Dental/ clinical applications of freuds theory
ANXIETY NEUROSIS
o This term was introduced by Freud to
describe a syndrome of general irritability,
anxious expectations, anxious attacks
,breathlessness,
chest pain.
PHOBIC NEUROSIS
o Patients
are
overwhelmed
by
an
object,
social
situation
disease.
o For e.g.White coat fear when only by
looking at a doctor, the child starts
crying.
.
or
FEAR
o Fear may be irrational in the sense that the child
may not
know why he is frightened.
o Memories of the past experience may fade
entirely but the emotions associated with the
forgotten experience determines his reaction
to a similar event in the future
FIXATION
Fixation is a failure of the development
in which the individual continues to
seek a particular kind of gratification.
Fixation to ORAL STAGE can lead to :
Thumb sucking
Chewing habits
Smoking
Drinking
FIXATIO
Fixation to Anal
Nstage leads to
obstinate, passively aggressive behavior.
These type of children do not listen to their
parents
or the dentist & are extremely uncooperative.
Fixation to urethral stage leads to
competitiveness.
This kind of child behavior can be modified by
modeling
FIXATION
Fixation to latency stage leads to introvert
nature, rigidity.
Child shows the tendency to hide behind his or
her mother or probably does not at all look at the
dentist due to hesitation & change in
environment.
DEFENSE MECHANISMS
Regression -
DEFENSE MECHANISMS
Displacement- Anxiety of a child in a dental
set up sometimes is exhibit in the form of
throwing temper tantrums at parents/
siblings as he is unable to express his
feelings to the dentist.
DEFENSE MECHANISMS
DEFENSE MECHANISMS
CONCLUSION
1.
2.
3.
REFERENCES
A Primer Of Freudian Psychology
Calvin S. Hall
A Textbook Of Psychology
Morgan & King
Textbook Of Pedodontics
Shobha Tendon
Theories Of Personality
Calvin S. Hall
References
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