Documenti di Didattica
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Incineration
Combustion Types
Incineration (energy recovery
through complete oxidation)
Mass Burn
Refuse Derived Fuel
Pyrolysis
Gasification
Plasma arc (advanced thermal
conversion)
Gasification
Partial oxidation process using air,
pure oxygen, oxygen enriched air,
or steam
Carbon converted into syngas
More flexible than incineration
More public acceptance
Flexibility of Gasification
Pyrolysis
Thermal degradation of
carbonaceous materials
Lower temperature than gasification
Absence or limited oxygen
Products are gas, liquid, solid char
Distribution of products depends on
temperature
Environmental
Considerations
Tonne of waste creates 3.5 MW of
energy (eq. to 300 kg of fuel oil)
powers 70 homes
Biogenic portion of waste is
considered CO2 neutral (tree uses
more CO2 during its lifecycle than
released during combustion)
Should not displace recycling
Three Ts
Time
Temperature
Turbulence
System Components
Refuse receipt/storage
Refuse feeding
Grate system
Air supply
Furnace
Boiler
Energy/Mass Balance
Energy Loss (Radiation)
Waste
Flue Gas
Particulates
Solid
Condensable
Causes
Control
Cyclones - not effective for removal of small particulates
Electrostatic precipitator
Fabric Filters (baghouses)
Metals
Removed with particulates
Mercury remains volatilized
Tough to remove from flue gas
Remove source or use activated
carbon (along with dioxins)
Acid Gases
From Cl, S, N, Fl in refuse (in plastics,
textiles, rubber, yd waste, paper)
Uncontrolled incineration - 18-20% HCl
with pH 2
Acid gas scrubber (SO2, HCl, HFl) usually
ahead of ESP or baghouse
Wet scrubber
Spray dryer
Dry scrubber injectors
Nitrogen removal
Source removal to avoid fuel NOx
production
T < 1500 F to avoid thermal NOx
Denox sytems - selective catalytic
reaction via injection of ammonia
Devices
Electrostatic Precipitator
Baghouses
Acid Gas Scrubbers
Wet scrubber
Dry scrubber
Chemicals added in slurry to neutralize acids
Activated Carbon
Selective Non-catalytic Reduction
Insufficient O2
Excess Air
Increasing Moisture
Insufficient O2
Excess Air
NOx
Optimum T
Range
(1500 1800 oF)
PICs/Particulates
Insufficient O2
Excess Air
Ash
Bottom Ash recovered from combustion
chamber
Heat Recovery Ash collected in the heat
recovery system (boiler, economizer,
superheater)
Fly Ash Particulate matter removed prior to
sorbents
Air Pollution Control Residues usually
combined with fly ash
Combined Ash most US facilities
combine all ashes
Schematic Presentation of
Bottom Ash Treatment
Stack
Fabric Filter
Spray Dryer
Ash Conveyer
Metal Recovery
Refuse Boiler
Tipping
Floor
Overhead Crane
Turbine Generator
Fabric Filter