The Active Filter

Figure 2

An active filter is a type of

analog electronic filter that
uses active components
such as an amplifier.
Amplifiers included in a filter
design can be used to
improve the performance
and predictability of a filter,
while avoiding the need for
inductors (which are
typically expensive
compared to other
components).

A Second order Low pass active filter (sallen-key) circuit is shown in Figure
2. The Sallen- Key filter is a very popular active filter which can be used to
create 2nd order filter stages that can be cascaded together to form larger
order filters. The op-amp provides buffering between filter stages, so that
each stage can be designed independently of the others. These circuits are
suitable for filters which have complex conjugate poles.

Objective
1. To test the condition where the Second Order Low Pass
active filter filter will exhibit Butterworth filtering
characteristics.
2. To determine the values of the components that allow the
cutoff frequency of the Second Order Low Pass active filter
filter to be set approximately at 7kHz.
TheButterworth filteris a type ofsignal processing filterdesigned
to have as flat afrequency responseas possible in thepass band.
It is also referred to as amaximally flat magnitude filter. The
sharpness of the transition from stop band to pass band can be
controlled to some degree during the design of thelow-passfilter.

Practically evaluate the

performance of the Second order
Low pass active filter (sallen-key)
circuit and test the condition where
the filter will exhibit Butterworth
filtering characteristics.

Theoretically
the quality factor, or commonly known as

Q factor determines the Butterworth filtering
characteristics and affects the frequency response
graph of the Low pass active filters,
Based on the Transfer function derivation of the
Second order Low pass active filter (sallen-key) circuit :

The quality factor, Q = .

So, by Letting
We get,
Q=

using the Transfer function of

So
quality factor Q , were going to
practically design a Low pass
active filter to determine
Butterworth filtering
characteristics by changing the
value of capacitors and until we
get a frequency response graph
with maximum flatness.

We fix the values

where
Vin
= 2 sinusoidal signal
Vcc+ = +15v
Vcc- = -15v
= 1.5k
Fix = 10nF

DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT

Vcc

=10nF

Vcc+

After Measuring the Output Voltage of the Low

pass active filter circuit by changing the
frequency of the sinusoidal signal input ..
Sallen Key 2nd Order LPF
C1=C2=10n, R1=R2=1.5k
Frequency (Hz) Av(ratio)
Av(dB)
100
1.00
0.00
500
1.00
0.00
1000
1.00
0.00
5000
0.84
-1.50
10000
0.56
-5.03
12000
0.45
-6.97
14000
0.37
-8.68
16000
0.31
-10.12
18000
0.26
-11.57
20000
0.22
-12.99
50000
0.05
-26.09
100000
0.02
-35.09
500000
0.03
-30.12

After the test and measurements of Output

Voltage of the Low pass active filter circuit
the Bode magnitude plot is obtained.
Sallen Key 2nd Order LPF
No peaking

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

Comparing experiment results against

simulated results
No peaking

and

These frequency response graphs

shows that no peaking occur because
Q is <

DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT

Vcc

Vcc+

=20nF

After Measuring the Output Voltage of the Low

pass active filter circuit by changing the
frequency of the sinusoidal signal input ..
Sallen Key 2nd Order LPF
C1=10n, C2=20n, R1=R2=1.5k
Frequency (Hz) Av(ratio)
Av(dB)
100
1.00
0.00
500
1.00
0.00
1000
1.00
0.00
5000
0.94
-0.51
10000
0.52
-5.68
12000
0.40
-7.96
14000
0.28
-11.06
16000
0.24
-12.40
18000
0.18
-15.09
20000
0.15
-16.60
50000
0.03
-31.06
100000
0.01
-38.13
500000
0.03
-30.46

After the test and measurements of Output

Voltage of the Low pass active filter circuit
the Bode magnitude plot is obtained.
Sallen Key
2nd Order LPF
The maximum
3.00
0.00
-3.00100
-6.00
-9.00
-12.00
-15.00
-18.00
-21.00
-24.00
-27.00
-30.00
-33.00
-36.00
-39.00
-42.00
-45.00

flatness

1000

10000

100000

1000000

C1=10n, C2=20n, R1=R2=1.5k

Comparing experiment results against

simulated results
The maximum
flatness

, and
,
These frequency response graphs
shows that the maximum flatness and
the peaking occurs when

DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT

Vcc

Vcc+

=30nF

After Measuring the Output Voltage of the Low

pass active filter circuit by changing the
frequency of the sinusoidal signal input ..
Sallen Key 2nd Order LPF
C1=10n, C2=30n, R1=R2=1.5k
Frequency (Hz)
Av(ratio)
Av(dB)
100
1.00
0.00
500
1.00
0.00
800
1.00
0.00
1000
1.02
0.17
2000
1.04
0.34
3000
1.06
0.51
4000
1.04
0.34
5000
1.02
0.17
8000
0.62
-4.15
10000
0.40
-7.96
12000
0.29
-10.80
14000
0.21
-13.47
16000
0.16
-15.92
18000
0.13
-17.86
20000
0.11
-19.33
50000
0.02
-33.98
100000
0.01
-38.42
500000
0.03
-30.17

After the test and measurements of Output

Voltage of the Low pass active filter circuit
the Bode magnitude plot is obtained.
Sallen Key 2nd Order LPF
The peaking

3.00
0.00
-3.00100
-6.00
-9.00
-12.00
-15.00
-18.00
-21.00
-24.00
-27.00
-30.00
-33.00
-36.00
-39.00
-42.00

1000

10000

100000

1000000

C1=10n, C2=30n, R1=R2=1.5k

Comparing experiment results against

simulated results
The peaking

, and

These frequency response graphs

shows that peaking occur when

Practically determine the values

of the components that allow the
cutoff frequency of the Second
Order Low Pass active filter to be
set approximately at 7kHz.

on the Transfer function derivation of

Based

the Second order Low pass active filter

(sallen-key) circuit :
The frequency , fc =

So, by Letting 1.5k and = 10nF

fc= 7kHz
We
7k
7k

get ,
= ,
= ,

= ,
=

= 22.97nF

, Because of capacitor
So
value limitation in the
market we chose 20nF
capacitor value to act as
which is almost but not
completely same as
22.97nF to allow the
cutoff frequency to be set
approximately at 7kHz.

We fix the values

where
Vin
= 2 sinusoidal signal
Vcc+ = +15v
Vcc- = -15v
= 1.5k
Fix = 10nF

DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT

Vcc

Vcc+

=20nF

After Measuring the Output Voltage of the Low

pass active filter circuit by changing the
frequency of the sinusoidal signal input ..
Sallen Key 2nd Order LPF
C1=10n, C2=20n, R1=R2=1.5k
Frequency
(Hz)
Av(ratio) Av(dB)
100
1
0
500
1
0
1000
1
0
5000
0.94
-0.51
6000
0.88
-1.11
7000
0.72
-2.85
8000
0.65
-3.74
10000
0.52
-5.68
12000
0.4
-7.96
14000
0.28
-11.06
16000
0.24
-12.4
18000
0.18
-15.09
20000
0.15
-16.6

The output waveform obtained

approximately at the -3dB

After the test and measurements of Output

Voltage of the Low pass active filter circuit
the Bode magnitude plot is obtained.
Sallen Key 2nd Order LPF
3.00
0.00
-3.00100
-6.00
-9.00
-12.00
-15.00
-18.00
-21.00
-24.00
-27.00
-30.00
-33.00
-36.00
-39.00
-42.00
-45.00

7.4 kHz

1000

10000

100000

1000000

C1=10n, C2=20n, R1=R2=1.5k

Comparing experiment results against

simulated results
The peaking

7.5 kHz

fc
=
=
=
= 7502.64
=7.503kHz (actual frequency value from theoretical
equation)

Discrepancy of Frequency
= 100 %
= 1.4 %

Conclusion
1.In order to implement Butterworth Filter, the
resistance and capacitance must be precise and
interrelated to the derived equation to approximate
the cutoff frequency to 7kHz.

The Active Filter

All pass filter is a signal processing filter that

passes all frequencies equally in gain, but it will
changes the phase in frequency response. The filter
introduces a different time delay at each frequency.

Objective
1. To determine the respond of the circuit towards a
square wave of below 1 kHz.
2. To theoretically determine how the circuit can be
utilized as a time delay circuit.

We fix the values

where

Vin = 2 Square signal , = 1v ,
Vcc+ = +15v
Vcc- = -15v
10k
Fix = 10nF

DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT

Vcc

Vcc+
=10nF

After Measuring the Output Voltage of the Low

pass active filter circuit by changing the
frequency of the sinusoidal signal input ..

Comparing experiment results against

simulated results

Conclusion
1. From the frequency response graph that we got,
it had proved that the circuit has the characteristics
of a time delay occurrence between input voltage
and output voltage.