Presented by:

Suresh Kumar Maurya

ELECTRONICS ENGG.
B.TECH (7TH SEM)
ROLL NO. 2811030004

INTRODUCTION
Telecommunication is the process of

information transfer between the entities and

an entity may be a computer,a human being
and so on.
Wireless telecommunication is type of
telecommunication in which a information is
transmitted through open space by
electromagnetic wave.

Major Manufacturers
Nokia

Motorola
L.G.
Sony Ericsson
Samsung
Vodafone

Cell
Systems
Cellular system
is to provide personal telephone
services to subscribers on the move.
In this system a region is geographically divided
into cell and the cells are hexagonal in shape.
Each cell has a base station. Mobile terminals in a
cell communicate via the base station of that cell.

CELL STRUCTURE

Cellular Access
Technologies
Frequency division multiple access

(FDMA)
Time division multiple access (TDMA)
Code division multiple access (CDMA)

FDMA

In an FDMA scheme , the radio frequency

bandwidth is divided into adjacent frequency
segments and each segment is provided with
bandwidth to enable an associated
communication.

FDMA
FDMA puts each call

on a separate
frequency

TDMA
TDMA is a technology used in digital cellular
telephone that divides each cellular channel
into time slot in order to increase the amount
of data that can be carried.

TDMA

TDMA assigns each

call a certain portion

of time on a
designated frequency

CDMA
CDMA is one of the major categorization of

spread spectrum technology.

CDMA allows many users to occupy the same
time and frequency allocations in a given
band.

CDMA
CDMA gives a

unique code to each

call and spreads it
over the available
frequencies.

Cells in the future

fourth-generation wireless

phones may look more like hand

held computers, with features such
as video-conferencing, advanced
personal calendar functions and
multi-player gaming.
Another futuristic feature, will

include making every day purchases

through cellular communication with
computer operated systems.

Problems with Cell

Phones
Cloning
Hazardous while driving
Radiation causing cancer

CLONING
It is illegally duplicating of SIM indentification.
In this process placing calls or using charge

services using the account of cloned SIM.

But at present it is more difficult to perform
cloning.

HAZARDOUS WHILE
DRIVING
It is difficult to drive while talking on a cell
phone.
Most road accident occurs due to this.
It is against the rule of driving.

RADIATION CAUSING CANCER

EM radiation can directly reach to the cell

phone .
Cell phone is very near to our body parts
which causes harmful radiation to reach our
nerve system .
It can be avoided upto a certain extent by
using ear phone.