Rocks and soil

Universe

Galaxy

How did the star, the earth

and its movement come
about?

Explosion

The big
bang

The big bang theory

Scientist believe
The universe existence was extremely
hot, tiny white spot with enormous mass
14 billion years ago
Explosion occurs
Universe expanded
Cooled down
Atoms were the first element formed
hydrogen & helium

 Atoms + gravity forms huge gas

clouds
Atoms become more closer forming
huge spheres of hot gas
Temperature &
pressure increased
Nuclear fussion takes
place
Hydrogen
helium
Large amount of energy is released
Stars formation

 Stars swell up and

form a red giant
star
Then, release gas
and dust as a
nebula around it
Shrink to form a
white dwarf star

Very large stars do not release gas/dust

They explode
Form a supernova
Larger elements formed

The formation of the

solar system

4.6 billion years ago

Sun and solar system formed from a
huge cloud of gas and dust
Exploding star made the clouds to
rotate
Form a disc
Hydrogen and helium collected in the
centre and formed star

The structure of the Earth

Three main regions

1. The core
2. The crust
3. The mantle

Major parts of the Earths

structure

Core
Divided into inner core and outer
core
Inner core:
Iron + nickel (2740 km diameter)
Radioactive substances (uranium)
5000C
Metals remains solid although high
temperature because of high pressure of
other materials pushing and preventing

Core
Outer core:
2000 km thick
Composed of >>> iron + nickel
Metals are in liquid form

Magnetic field between inner and

outer core
as both cores travels in different
speed

Mantle
Made of rocky material
2900 km thick
Composed of iron, silicon, oxygen,
magnesium
Main compound silicates (silicon + oxygen)
1500C
2000km below earth surface
Rocks remain solids due to the high pressure
Upper mantle near the crust is cooler and
under less pressure

Crust
Made from much cooler
rocks than mantle
Rocks on surface is much cooler
Temperature increase as you go
down the crust
Mining process

Rocks

Rocks
Definition: More than one kind of
mineral stuck together

Types of Rocks
Igneous Rocks

Metamorphic Rocks

Sedimentary Rocks

What are the 3 types of Rocks?

Igneous rock is formed from molten
rock that has cooled and hardened.
Sedimentary rock is formed from
material that has settled into layers and
hardened.
Metamorphic rock is a rock that has
changed by heat and pressure.

3 types of Rocks
Types of
Rocks
Igneous

Sedimentary

Metamorphic

Examples
Igneous

Metamorphi Sedimentary
c

Granite

Slate

Sandstone

Obsidian

Marble

Limestone

Pumice

Gneiss

Shale

IGNEOUS ROCKS
How are they made?

Deep inside the Earth, rocks and minerals melt under

tremendous heat. This forms magma.
When the magma cools back down, it hardens and forms
new rocks. These rocks are called IGNEOUS rocks.

IGNEOUS ROCKS

Samples of Igneous Rocks

Basalt, granite, obsidian, pumice

http://ww
w.fi.edu/
fellows/f
ellow1/oc
t98/creat
e/igneous
.htm

METAMORPHIC ROCKS
Samples of Metamorphic Rocks

http://
www.fi.
edu/fel
lows/fe
llow1/o
ct98/cr
eate/me
tamorph
.htm

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

How are they made?

The forces of wind, water, and gravity break rocks down into little
pieces. This is called weathering.

Big
Bigrocks
rocks

Smaller
Smallerrocks
rocks

Sand
Sand

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
How are they formed?
After a long time, these little pieces of rocks get stuck back
together and form new rocks.

Time +
Pressure

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

Samples of Sedimentary Rocks

http://www.fi.edu/fellows/fellow1/oct98/cre
ate/sediment.htm

Sandstone, limestone, shale, conglomerate

The Rock Cycle

Formation of rocks
Forms of rocks

The Rock Cycle

Sedimentary

Igneous

Metamorphic

Another Rock Cycle

http://www.classzone.com/books
/earth_science/terc/content/in
vestigations/es0602/es0602page
02.cfm

How do Rocks form?

How much time does it take to form a
rock?
If you squeeze and heat a rock for a
few million years, it can turn into a
new kind of rock.

Continued

Where does the

heat come from?

When rocks are

close enough to the
magma to be heated
but not close
enough to be
melted, the rocks
can be changed.

Continued
Where does the
pressure come
from?

Rocks below the

surface are squeezed
by the layers of rock
above them. The
thicker the layers,
the more pressure
there is.

Minerals
Definition: A mineral is an inorganic,
homogeneous solid
Inorganic means never been alive
Homogeneous means made of only one
thing

Minerals

Examples: Gold, iron, copper, salt,

diamonds, coal, feldspar, calcium,
phosphorus

Iron

Feldspar

Gold

What is the difference between

rocks and minerals?
A mineral is a
nonliving solid found
in nature.
But, arent rocks
nonliving and found
in nature too??
Then what is the
difference between
a rock and a mineral?

Rocks and Minerals

Rocks are made up of one or more
minerals!!!
The reason why some rocks have more
than one color, is because they contain
more than one mineral.
Also, some rocks are made of other
things, such as sand and pebbles, in
addition to minerals.

In Conclusion
Rocks and Minerals are found
everywhere on earth.
Rocks are made from minerals and can
contain several different kinds.
Rocks can be divided into 3 different
groups based on their properties.
People use rocks in many different ways!

Soil

Explain how rocks are broken down,

how soil is formed, and
how surface features change.

Weathering

Break the rocks into smaller fragments.

There are two types of weathering
1. physical and
2. chemical.

Physical Weathering

Caused by

Temperature
change

Effect by ice

Abrasion

Effect by
plants

Changes in TEMPERATURE
1. Example: Rocks in desert
(day too hot, night too cold)

2. Rocks heat up
3. Minerals in rocks expands by different
amount
4. Pressure increase push one another
5. When rocks cooled down, minerals
contract and develop space in between

The effect of ICE

When it rains on porous rocks
(sandstones), water stays in the rock
When weather becomes cooler, the water
freezes (forms ice)
Rock crumble (hancur)

ABRASION
Pieces of rock rub together (example: in
fast flowing river)
Glacier slowing moving down mountains

The effect of PLANTS

Plant roots grow in soil

Have strong and woody roots
Grows larger and larger every year
Crack the soil and breaks the rock

Chemical Weathering
rocks above ground
1. Rainwater
Acidic breaks up rocks into smaller pieces

2. Hot and wet weather condition

Speed up chemicals that breaks down rocks
Hot, wet places (rainforest), rock break down
faster than cold, dry places (antartic)

Chemical Weathering
rocks below ground

3 Layers of Soil
1. Topsoil (The layer on TOP)
2. Subsoil (The prefix SUB means under)
3. Bedrock (Its hard as rock down there!)

Properties of Soil

Properties of soil
Soil texture
Drainage
(ability to hold water)
Amount of air
Soil pH

Different soil types

develop in different
climates.

Forest soils have a light gray

upper horizon, a horizon rich in
aluminum and/or iron, and form
in warm to cool humid regions
where coniferous forests grow.

Tropical soils are reddish and

iron-oxide rich, depleted in
nutrients, and form in humid
and warm regions.

Organic soils are dark colored, rich

in decomposed organic matter,
and form in poorly drained
lowlands such as swamps and
wetlands.

Desert soils form in arid settings

and are commonly rich in
calcium carbonate.

Tundra soils form in Arctic

environments, have a dark
organic-rich upper layer, and a
mineral rich layer over frozen
ground.

If all five factors are the same in two geographic

regions, the soil will be the same in both. Some
basic examples of different soil types include:

Temperate deciduous
soil

Coniferous forest
soil

Tropical rain forest

soil

Grassland
soil

Desert soil

Loam

40% sand
40% silt
20% clay
+
humus

silt

clay