Cell

The Cell is the structural

and functional unit of
life.
ØAll living organisms are
made up of cells.
ØIt is the smallest living
entity found in living
organisms.
Cell was introduced
by Robert Hooke in
1665
Pattern of cells
P ro p e rtie s o f ce ll
vThe Cell is the smallest living unit
of life.
vIt is so small that it is not visible
to the naked eye.
vThe shape of the cell varies in
different organisms and within an
organism.
vSize of cells also differs.
vAll living cells exhibit certain
basic properties like respiration,
growth, metabolism etc.
vCells originate from a pre-existing
cell. A mother cell divides to produce
 Unicellular
Organisms
uni means single
The organisms which
are made up only of a
single(one) cell.
Eg. Amoeba,
chlamydomonas,
paramoecium and bacteria
Amoeba contains only one
cell

Sing
le
cell
 Multicellular Organisms

multi means many



• The organisms which

are made up of more
than one cell.
Eg.


Animals,plants,insects,birds,li
zards
The three main parts of
a cell:-
ØPlasma (cell)
memberane
ØNucleus
ØCytoplasm
 Nucleus

Cell
memberan
e

Cytoplas
m

Main parts of a
cell
 Plasma
membrane
It is the outermost
cover of the cell that
separates the
content of the cell
from the
surrounding
Cell membrane is called


selectively permeable
membrane
vBecause it allows or permits
the entry and exit of some
specific materials in and out
of the cell
 surrounding

You can Content of

cell
Cell
not go
outside wall or
plasma
membran
e
water
O2 and
CO2
 Gases like O2 and
CO2move in and out of
the cell by the process
of DIFFUSION
Diffusion : It is the
intermixing of the
particles of two
matters
MATTER - 1 MATTER - 2
After
diffusion
The things always


move from more to

less quantities
 In and out of O2
and CO2
It occurs by the process
of DIFFUSION
As soon as there is
difference in the
concentration of O2 or CO2
inside and outside of the
cell, O2 or CO2 moves from a
region of high to low
If the concentration of
CO2 or O2 is low in cell
than outside, then the
gases will go inside the
cell and if reverse
happens then gases
will go outside the cell.
 E x ch a n g e o f
g a se s
Cell

O 2 or
CO 2
 Osmosis
It is the flow of water
from a region of high
water concentration to a
region of low water
concentration through a
semi permeable
membrane
Movement of
water


In a n d o u t o f
w a te r o ccu rs b y
th e p ro ce ss o f
O S M O S IS
If we put an animal cell or
a plant cell into a solution
of sugar or salt in water

Three things may

happen
If the concentration
of water is low in
cell than
surrounding , the
water will move from
outside to the cell
and it will swell up
and such a solution
is called Hypotonic
solution
 Hypotonic
solution
Flow of water from
solution to cell
Water in the
cell
Water in the
solution
Surrounding of
cell

Solution of sugar
o f w a te r is sa m e in
ce ll a s th a t o f
su rro u n d in g , th e re
w ill b e n o n e t
m o v e m e n t o f w a te r
a n d so lu tio n is
ca lle d iso to n ic
so lu tio n
 Isotonic
solution
Same water concentration in
solution and cell
Water in the
cell
Water in the
solution
Surrounding of
cell

Solution of sugar
If the concentration
of water is higher in
cell than
surrounding , the
water will move from
inside to the
solution and it will
shrink and such a
solution is called
Hypertonic solution
 Hypertonic
solution
Flow of water from cell
to solution
Water in the
cell
Water in the
solution
Surrounding of
cell

Solution of sugar
Applications of osmosis

vUnicellular fresh water

organisms and most plant
cells gain water through
osmosis
vMovement of water from
roots to other parts of
plants occurs by osmosis
 Cell wall
This is the extra or
additional rigid cover to
the plasma or cell
membrane.
ØIt is found only in
plant cells
C e ll
m e m b e ra
ne
C e ll
w a ll
 PLASMOLYSIS
When a living plant cell
loses water through
osmosis, there is a
shrinkage in the
contents of the cell.
This phenomenon is
known as plasmolysis
THE NUCLEUS
qThe nucleus has a
double layering cover
called nuclear
membrane.
qNuclear membrane has
pores which allows
transfer of material
from nucleus to
cytoplasm
 Nucleus contains
chromosomes which
are rod-shaped
structures

chromosomes are
composed of DNA and
proteins
 Importance of
chromosomes
They contain
information for the
inheritance from
parents to next
generation in the
form of DNA
 DNA-
Deoxyribo
Nucleic Acid
 Functional parts
of DNA are called
GENES
Genes
DNA
Chromosomes
 Prokaryotes

Organisms whose
cell has not the
nuclear
membrane are
known as
Prokaryotes eg.
 In prokaryotic
organisms cell has
not nuclear
membrane and
nuclear region
contain only nucleic
acids and called
nucleoid
Eukaryotes

Organisms with
cell having the
nuclear
membrane are
known as
Eukaryotes eg.
Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell

1. Size is generally 1. Size is generally large

small

2.Nuclear region is 2.Nuclear region is well

undefined and called defined and surrounded
nucleoid. by a nuclear membrane.

3.They have single 3.More than one

Nucleus
organel
les

membrane
 Cell
Organelles
 RER
ØIt looks rough under a
microscope because it has
particles called ribosomes
attached to its surface.
Ribosomes are the sites of
protein manufacture
The manufactured proteins
are then sent to various
 SER
vIt helps in the
manufacture of fat
molecules or lipids
vSome of these molecules
or lipids help in building
the cell membrane. This
Process is known as
membrane biogenesis.
 Golgi
Apparatus
The material
manufactured near the
ER is packaged and
dispatched to various
targets inside and
outside the cell through
 Function
vIt includes the storage,
modification and
packaging of products in
vesicles
vIt is also involved in
the formation of
lysosomes
 Fat or
lipids
protei
ns
SER

RER Golgi
Apparatus
 Lysosomes
Functions:-
ØThey help to keep the cell
clean by digesting any foreign
material such as bacteria or
food or old cell organelles.
ØThey are able to do so
because they contain
powerful digestive enzymes
 Lysosomes are known
as “Suicide bags of a
cell”
During any disturbance in
cell, cell gets
damaged.because of that
lysosomes may burst and
the enzymes digest their
own cell.
 Old cell
organelles

Foreign
materials
Lysosomes
 Mitochondria
vThey areknown as the
“Powerhouse of the
cell”
vThe energy required for
various chemical
activities needed for life
is realeses by
 ATP-Adenosine
triphopshate
ATP is known as the energy
currency of the cell
Our body uses energy
stored in ATP for making
new chemical compounds

ATP
 Mitochondria are
strange organelles
Because they have
their own DNA and
ribosomes
Therefore they are
able to make their own
Plastids
They are
present only in
plant cells.
 Plastids
containing the
pigment
chlorophyll are
known as
chloroplasts.
 Like
mitochondria,Pl
astids also have
their own DNA
and ribosomes
 Vacuoles
ØThey are storage
sacs(pouch) for solid
or liquid contents
ØVacuoles are small in
size in animal cells
while they are large in
plant cells.
vMany substances
of importance in
the life of plant
cell are stored in
vacuoles eg.
Amino
acids,sugars,prote
ins etc.
vIn Amoeba, the
Food vacuole
contain the food
items that the
amoeba has
consumed