Chapter 10 Revised

Discovering
Computers 2010
Living in a Digital World
Objectives Overview
See Page 513 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 2

for Detailed Objectives Chapter 10
Objectives Overview
See Page 513 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 3

for Detailed Objectives Chapter 10
Databases, Data, and Information
• Database software, often called a database

management system (DBMS), allows users to:
Page 515 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 4

Chapter 10
File Processing Versus Databases

Figure 10-10 Chapter 10
File Processing vs Database
File Processing Databases
Redundant: same fields, multiple files Many views to same data
Isolated: separate files Related files/tables
Specific to a functional area Data shared across functional areas
Calculations on data Filter, sort, group, link, update
Programming/data integrated Data separate from programming
Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 6

Chapter 10
Data Models
Data Models define:

• Rules and standards for organizing data
• How users view the data
They do NOT define how the data is arranged on a

disk

Chapter 10
Popular Types of Databases
• Relational: data in two-dimensional tables

• Object-oriented: data & instructions in objects
• Multi-dimensional: data in dimensions

Chapter 10
Data Models for Popular DBMSs

Relational Databases
• A relational database
stores data in tables
that consist of fields
and records
• A relationship is a link
between tables

• Each table contains data about one subject

• Each data item about subject is in one field
• A collection of fields makes up one record

Chapter 10
• Table may be called a RELATION

• Field may be called an ATTRIBUTE
• Record may be called a TUPLE

Chapter 10
Relational Database
• Stores data relationships between tables

• One field (attribute) or combination uniquely
identifies a record: PRIMARY KEY
• NORMALIZATION is the process of eliminating
duplication

Chapter 10
Object-Oriented Database
• Stores data in objects

• Stores instructions to process the data
• Objects are re-usable
• Handles unstructured data
– Maps
– Photos
– Videos

Chapter 10
Object-oriented database (OODB)
Examples of applications appropriate for an

object-oriented database include:

Chapter 10
Multi-dimensional Databases
• Store data in dimensions

• Dimensions: time, products, policies, etc.
• Consolidates views of data quickly
• Efficient at summarizing large numbers
• Sometimes known as a hypercube

Chapter 10
Multidimensional Databases

Data warehouses
• A data warehouse is a huge database that stores and

manages the data required to analyze historical and
current transactions
• It may be distributed
• Data mining finds patterns and relationships
Click to view Web Link,

click Chapter 10, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
then click Data Warehouses
below Chapter 10
Pages 535 - 536 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 18
Chapter 10
WORKING WITH THE DATA

Chapter 10
Common data types

Chapter 10
Maintaining Data
• File maintenance refers to the procedures that

keep data current

Chapter 10
Validating Data
• Compare data to a set of rules after you enter it,

or as you enter it
• Reduce data entry errors

Chapter 10
Ways to Validate Data

Chapter 10
Data Validation Example

Database Integrity = Data Quality
• Data integrity identifies the quality of the data

• Garbage in, garbage out (GIGO) points out the
accuracy of a computer’s output depends on the
accuracy of the input

then click Data Integrity
below Chapter 10
Chapter 10
Filtering Data
• You can specify what data to display/update

• Select records
• Select fields

Chapter 10
Sorting and Grouping Data
• You can order the data by any combination of fields

• You can group data together by the contents of fields

Chapter 10
Data Dictionary or Repository
Contains data about:

• each
file/table/relation in
the database
• each field/attribute in
those files
Pages 527 – 528 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 28

DBMS Tools
A DBMS provides
tools that allow
users and programs
to retrieve and
maintain data in
the database

Chapter 10
Query Language
• Consists of simple, English-like statements that

allow users to specify the data to display, print, or
store
• SQL is a popular example

Chapter 10
Structured Query Language (SQL)
SELECT (fields/attributes)
FROM (tables/relations)
WHERE (join requirement)
ORDER BY (fields/attributes)

Chapter 10
Structured Query Language (SQL)
is a query language that allows users to manage,

update, and retrieve data

Database Management Systems
Query by example (QBE) provides a GUI to assist

users with retrieving data

Chapter 10
Report writers
Allow users to design a report on the screen,

retrieve data into the report design, and then
display or print the report

Database Forms
• A form is a
window on the
screen that
provides areas for
entering or
modifying data in
a database
then click E-Form
below Chapter 10
Database Management Systems

Chapter 10
DBMS Backup and Restores
• A DMBS provides a variety of techniques to

restore the database to a usable form in case it is
damaged or destroyed

Chapter 10
Backup Options
• Backup (copy) the entire database regularly

• Incremental backups
• Continuous backup copies each change
• Logs can track changes made
• Record before (before image)
• Record after change (after image)

Chapter 10
Recovery Methods
Roll forward Roll backward

Use log to RE-ENTER Use log to UNDO
changes made since last changes
save
Use to recovery
Use to recover data loss
partial, incomplete
transactions

Chapter 10
Web Databases
• Databases on the Web allow you to:

Chapter 10
Databases on the Web

Chapter 10
Web Databases

How a Photo Sharing Site
Keeps Its Data

Chapter 10
Database Administration
• It is important to have a carefully designed

database


then click Database
Administrators below
Chapter 10
Chapter 10
• Employees should learn

how to use the data in
the database effectively
– Interact with database
– Identify new data for the
database
– Maintain the database

Summary

Chapter 10
Discovering
Computers 2010
Living in a Digital World
Chapter 10 Complete

Chapter 10 Revised

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Discovering

See Page 513 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 2

See Page 513 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 3

• Database software, often called a database

Page 515 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 4

Page 525 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 5

Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 6

Data Models define:

They do NOT define how the data is arranged on a

Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 7

• Relational: data in two-dimensional tables

Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 8

Page 533 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 9

Page 533 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 10

• Each table contains data about one subject

Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 11

• Table may be called a RELATION

Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 12

• Stores data relationships between tables

Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 13

• Stores data in objects

Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 14

Examples of applications appropriate for an

Page 534 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 15

• Store data in dimensions

Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 16

Page 535 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 17

• A data warehouse is a huge database that stores and

Click to view Web Link,

Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 19

Page 518 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 20

• File maintenance refers to the procedures that

Page 520 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 21

• Compare data to a set of rules after you enter it,

Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 22

Pages 522 - 524 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 23

Page 517 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 24

• Data integrity identifies the quality of the data

Click to view Web Link,

• You can specify what data to display/update

Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 26

• You can order the data by any combination of fields

Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 27

Contains data about:

Pages 527 – 528 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 28

Page 528 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 29

• Consists of simple, English-like statements that

Page 528 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 30

Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 31

is a query language that allows users to manage,

Page 534 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 32

Query by example (QBE) provides a GUI to assist

Page 528 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 33

Allow users to design a report on the screen,

Page 531 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 34

Page 531 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 36

• A DMBS provides a variety of techniques to

Pages 531 - 532 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 37

• Backup (copy) the entire database regularly

Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 38

Roll forward Roll backward

Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 39

• Databases on the Web allow you to: