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I. Physical
Properties
B. Real Gases
Particles in a REAL gas
have their own volume
attract each other
C. Characteristics of Gases
Gases expand to fill any container.
random motion, no attraction
C. Characteristics of Gases
Gases can be compressed.
D. Temperature
F
-459
C
-273
K
0
C 59 F 32
32
212
100
273
373
K = C + 273
E. Pressure
force
pressure
area
E. Pressure
Barometer
Aneroid Barometer
Mercury Barometer
E. Pressure
Manometer
U-tube Manometer
Bourdon-tube gauge
E. Pressure
KEY UNITS AT SEA LEVEL
101.325 kPa (kilopascal)
1 atm
760 mm Hg
760 torr
14.7 psi
N
kPa 2
m
F. STP
STP
Standard Temperature & Pressure
0C
1 atm
-OR-
273 K
101.325 kPa
A. Boyles Law
PV = k
P
V
A. Boyles Law
The pressure and volume of
a gas are inversely related
at constant mass & temp
PV = k
P
V
A. Boyles Law
B. Charles Law
V
T
V
k
T
B. Charles Law
The volume and absolute
temperature (K) of a gas
are directly related
at constant mass & pressure
V
T
V
k
T
B. Charles Law
C. Gay-Lussacs Law
P
k
T
P
T
C. Gay-Lussacs Law
The pressure and absolute
temperature (K) of a gas
are directly related
at constant mass & volume
P
k
T
P
T
PV PV PV = k
T T T
P1V1 P2V2
=
T1
T2
P1V1T2 = P2V2T1
CHARLES LAW
GIVEN: T V
V1 = 473 cm3
WORK:
P1V1T2 = P2V2T1
T1 = 36C = 309K
V2 = ?
T2 = 94C = 367K
V2 = 562 cm3
BOYLES LAW
GIVEN: P V WORK:
V1 = 100. mL
P1V1T2 = P2V2T1
P1 = 150. kPa
(150.kPa)(100.mL)=(200.kPa)V 2
V2 = ?
V2 = 75.0 mL
P2 = 200. kPa
3
V
=
5.09
cm
2
P2 = 101.325 kPa
GAY-LUSSACS LAW
GIVEN: P T WORK:
P1 = 765 torr
P1V1T2 = P2V2T1
T2 = 226 K = -47C
Ch. 10
11 - Gases
III.& Ideal
Gas
Law
A. Avogadros Principle
V
k
n
V
n
A. Avogadros Principle
Equal volumes of gases contain
equal numbers of moles
at constant temp & pressure
true for any gas
V
k
n
V
n
V
PV
k
=R
n
nT
T
UNIVERSAL GAS
CONSTANT
R=0.0821 Latm/molK
3
R=8.315 dm kPa/molK
PV=nRT
UNIVERSAL GAS
CONSTANT
R=0.0821 Latm/molK
3
R=8.315 dm kPa/molK
GIVEN:
WORK:
P = ? atm
PV = nRT
n = 0.412 mol
P(3.25)=(0.412)(0.0821)(289)
L
mol Latm/molK K
T = 16C = 289 K
V = 3.25 L
P = 3.01 atm
R = 0.0821Latm/molK
GIVEN:
WORK:
A. Gas Stoichiometry
Moles Liters of a Gas
STP - use 22.4 L/mol
Non-STP - use ideal gas law
Non-STP Problems
Given liters of gas?
start with ideal gas law
Looking for liters of gas?
start with stoichiometry conv.
B. Gas Stoichiometry
Problem
What volume of CO2 forms from
5.25 g of CaCO3 at 103 kPa & 25C?
CaCO3
5.25 g
CaO
5.25 g 1 mol
CaCO3 CaCO3
1 mol
CO2
100.09g 1 mol
CaCO3 CaCO3
CO2
?L
non-STP
B. Gas Stoichiometry
Problem
What volume of CO2 forms from
5.25 g of CaCO3 at 103 kPa & 25C?
GIVEN:
WORK:
P = 103 kPa
V=?
n = 1.26 mol
T = 25C = 298 K
R = 8.315 dm kPa/molK
PV = nRT
(103 kPa)V
=(1mol)(8.315dm kPa/molK)(298K)
B. Gas Stoichiometry
How many Problem
grams of Al O are formed
2
4 Al
3 O2
15.0 L
non-STP
2 Al2O3
?g
GIVEN:
WORK:
P = 97.3 kPa
V = 15.0 L
n=?
T = 21C = 294 K
R = 8.315 dm kPa/molK
PV = nRT
(97.3 kPa) (15.0 L)
= n (8.315dm kPa/molK) (294K)
NEXT
n = 0.597 mol O2
B. Gas Stoichiometry
How manyProblem
grams of Al2O3 are formed
from 15.0 L of O2 at 97.3 kPa & 21C?
3 O2
15.0L
Use stoich to convert moles
of O to grams Al O .
non-STP
0.597 2 mol 101.96 g
mol O2 Al2O3
Al2O3
4 Al
2 Al2O3
?g
3 mol O2
1 mol
Al2O3
= 40.6 g Al2O3
A. Daltons Law
Ptotal = P1 + P2 + ...
Patm = PH2 + PH2O
A. Daltons Law
GIVEN:
PH2 = ?
WORK:
Ptotal = PH2 + PH2O
A. Daltons Law
DALTONS LAW
GIVEN:
Pgas = ?
WORK:
Ptotal = Pgas + PH2O
B. Grahams Law
Diffusion
Effusion
Passing of gas molecules through a
tiny opening in a container
B. Grahams Law
Speed of diffusion/effusion
Kinetic energy is determined by the
temperature of the gas.
At the same temp & KE, heavier
molecules move more slowly.
Larger m smaller v because
KE = mv
B. Grahams Law
Grahams Law
Rate of diffusion of a gas is inversely
related to the square root of its molar
mass.
Ratio of gas
As speed to
gas Bs speed
vA
vB
mB
mA
B. Grahams Law
vA
vB
v Kr
v Br2
m Br2
m Kr
mB
mA
159.80 g/mol
1.381
83.80 g/mol
B.
Grahams
Law
A molecule of oxygen gas has an average speed of
12.3 m/s at a given temp and pressure. What is
the average speed of hydrogen molecules at the
same conditions?
vA
vB
mB
mA
vH 2
12.3 m/s
32.00 g/mol
2.02 g/mol
vH2
vH 2
vO2
mO2
mH 2
12.3 m/s
3.980
vH 2 49.0 m/s
B. Grahams Law
vA
vB
mB
mA
vA
v O2
mO2
mA
32.00
g/mol
4.0
m AA
32.00 g/mol
16
mA
Square both
sides to get rid
of the square
root sign.
32.00 g/mol
2.0 g/mol
mA
16
TEAM PRACTICE!
p. 355
SAMPLE PROBLEM 11-10
PRACTICE 1, 2, & 3