DRUGS & ALCOHOL

ABUSE
NADRAH HARITH FADZILAH

DRUGS

Chemical substances used as medicines in

case of illnesses
May cause addiction & negative influence on
the mental & physical states of an individual
May lead to
tolerance to the drug
addiction

Stimulants
Examples:

How
Intoxicatio
administered n Effects

Cocaine
Amphetamin injected,
es
swallowed,
Ephedra
smoked,
snorted
Methylphenid
ate
Caffeine
Nicotine
Ecstasy

Potential
Health
Consequen
ces

Feelings of
exhilaration,
increased
increased
energy, mental
heart rate,
alertness
blood pressure,
Increase
and
confidence and
metabolism,
sense of well
reduced
being
appetite,
weight loss,
nervousness,
insomnia,
seizures, heart
attack, stroke

Depressants
Examples:
Barbiturates
Benzodiazepines
Sleep medications
Tranquilizer
Alcohol

How
administered

Intoxication
Effects

injected, swallowed,
smoked, snorted

Slow down
transmission of
nerve impulses
Reduce worry but
slows down
responses
Sedation/drowsiness
, reduced anxiety,
feelings of wellbeing, lowered
inhibitions, slurred
speech, poor
concentration,
confusion, dizziness,
impaired
coordination and
memory
Unusual excitement
euphoria

Potential
Health
Consequences
lowered blood
pressure, slowed
breathing, tolerance,
withdrawal,
addiction; increased
risk of respiratory
distress and death
when combined with
alcohol

Hallucinogens
Examples:
LSD

How
administered

Intoxication
Effects

Potential
Health
Consequences

injected,
swallowed,
smoked, snorted

See,hear &
perceive things
that dont exist
long-term physical
can cause
toxicity
subjective changes
mental conditions
in perception,
including
thought, emotion
Parkinson's
and consciousness
disease, senility,
the drugs disable
schizophrenia, and
the brain's
Alzheimer's
"filtering" ability to
selectively prevent
certain
perceptions,
emotions,
memories and
thoughts from ever
reaching the
conscious mind.

Narcotic drugs
Examples:
Heroin &
morphine

How
administered

Intoxication
Effects

Potential
Health
Consequenc
es

injected,
swallowed,
smoked, snorted

slow down brain

function
Pain relief,
slowed or
euphoria,
arrested
drowsiness,
breathing,
sedation,
lowered pulse
weakness,
and blood
dizziness,
pressure,
nausea, impaired
tolerance,
coordination,
addiction,
confusion, dry
unconsciousness,
mouth, itching,
coma, death; risk
sweating,
of death
clammy skin,
increased when
constipation
combined with
alcohol or other
CNS depressants

Plant hormones
Nadrah harith fadzilah

AUXIN
Promotes cell elongation
Increase the rate of cell division
Stimulates growth of cells
Produced in apical meristem (tips of
shoots)

Role of auxins in phototropism (figure 3.26 & 3.28)

Growth of seedlings towards light is caused by unequal distribution of
auxin

Auxins build up on the shaded side

Stimulate growth beneath the tip
Cells in the shaded region
elongate faster
Shoot will bend toward the light

Role of auxins in geotropism (figure

3.5)
Gravity causes auxin to accumulate to the lower side of the root
However, same concentration of auxin that elongates shoot
inhibits cell elongation in the root
Cell elongation on the lower side is inhibited

Root bends downwards

Root point directly downwards, auxin distribution becomes
equal on both sides
Root continues to grow downwards

ethylene
Synthesized during ripening of fruits
Speeds up the ripening of fruits by stimulating the
production of cellulase:
Cellulase hydrolyses cellulose, making the fruit soft
Promotes breakdown of complex carbohydrates into
simple sugar
Fruit taste sweeter
Gas : moves freely in the air
Induce ripening of other fruits